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• Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period
  ...operated for long periods, which is a handicap when trying to investigate climate change over the last century. The ocean areas around the Antarctic have been investigated far less than the continent itself. Here we are reli
  3 KB (501 words) - 16:48, 6 August 2014
• Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years
  Determining how the environment of the Antarctic will evolve over the next century presents many challenges, yet it is a que ...</ref>) gave a wide range of projections for some aspects of the Antarctic climate system. In the case of sea ice extent that was not entirely surprising, sin
  5 KB (788 words) - 16:49, 6 August 2014
• Antarctic climate and environment history in the pre-instrumental period
  ...obal sea level, and the changing distribution of sea ice and its effect on climate are then described. ...ges of the Holocene that are being used to inform our understanding of the climate and biological changes that might be anticipated in the near future (Chapte
  17 KB (2,554 words) - 16:45, 6 August 2014
• Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment
  ...as changed from Deep Time until the present day. It also considers how the Antarctic environment may change over the next century in a world where greenhouse ga ...tee on Antarctic Research ([http://www.scar.org/ SCAR]) known as Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment (ACCE), which is described in [[About ACCE]]. Th
  4 KB (504 words) - 17:51, 21 August 2014
• Holocene climate change in the Antarctic Peninsula (AP)
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Regional patterns of holocene climate change in Antarctica]]'' ...nsula.png|thumb|'''3.26''' Selected Holocene environmental changes &ndash; Antarctic Peninsula]]
  32 KB (5,127 words) - 17:41, 22 August 2014
• The climate of the Antarctic and its variability
  :''This page is part of the topic [[The Antarctic environment in the global system]]'' In the summer, when the sun is above the horizon for long periods, the Antarctic receives more solar radiation than the tropics, but the highly reflective i
  12 KB (1,933 words) - 16:38, 22 August 2014
• The role of the Antarctic in the global climate system
  :''This page is part of the topic [[The Antarctic environment in the global system]]'' ...shelves and land ice with the ocean and atmosphere make predictions about climate change a challenge.
  31 KB (4,808 words) - 16:51, 22 August 2014

Page text matches

• 21st century evolution of Antarctic permafrost
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years]]'' ...t in the McMurdo Sound area (74-78&ordm;S, 165&ordm;E), and throughout the Antarctic Peninsula and its offshore islands (55-72&ordm;S, 45-70&ordm;W).
  3 KB (468 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Antarctic and Southern Ocean sea level projections
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years]]'' ...ified additional contribution from a dynamic response of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to global warming. The inset shows the 2001 projection compared
  16 KB (2,491 words) - 13:16, 22 August 2014
• Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period
  ...operated for long periods, which is a handicap when trying to investigate climate change over the last century. The ocean areas around the Antarctic have been investigated far less than the continent itself. Here we are reli
  3 KB (501 words) - 16:48, 6 August 2014
• Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years
  Determining how the environment of the Antarctic will evolve over the next century presents many challenges, yet it is a que ...</ref>) gave a wide range of projections for some aspects of the Antarctic climate system. In the case of sea ice extent that was not entirely surprising, sin
  5 KB (788 words) - 16:49, 6 August 2014
• Antarctic climate and environment history in the pre-instrumental period
  ...obal sea level, and the changing distribution of sea ice and its effect on climate are then described. ...ges of the Holocene that are being used to inform our understanding of the climate and biological changes that might be anticipated in the near future (Chapte
  17 KB (2,554 words) - 16:45, 6 August 2014
• Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment
  ...as changed from Deep Time until the present day. It also considers how the Antarctic environment may change over the next century in a world where greenhouse ga ...tee on Antarctic Research ([http://www.scar.org/ SCAR]) known as Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment (ACCE), which is described in [[About ACCE]]. Th
  4 KB (504 words) - 17:51, 21 August 2014
• Antarctic deglaciation and its impact on global sea level
  ...l changes at the LGM from ice-dynamic reconstructions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets during the glacial cycles, ''Quaternary Science Reviews'', '''21 ...lative sea level curves for the South Shetland Islands and Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula, ''Quaternary Science Reviews'', '''24''', 1203-1216.</ref>).
  21 KB (3,294 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Antarctic sea ice cover in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' This section considers the variability and trend in Antarctic sea ice area and extent over the last century. This time splits into two ve
  22 KB (3,536 words) - 13:25, 22 August 2014
• Atmospheric change over the next 100 years
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years]]'' [[Category:The Antarctic atmosphere]]
  410 B (55 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Atmospheric chemistry changes over the 21st century
  ==Antarctic stratospheric ozone over the next 100 years== ...y cannot be used for predictions of the future. Instead, coupled Chemistry-Climate Models are used. Those whose results are described below vary in their skil
  27 KB (4,305 words) - 16:22, 6 August 2014
• Atmospheric chemistry in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' ==Antarctic stratospheric ozone in the instrumental period==
  43 KB (6,788 words) - 17:07, 22 August 2014
• Atmospheric circulation changes in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' ...08. Here the SAM is in its positive phase with negative anomalies over the Antarctic and positive anomalies over the Southern Ocean.]]
  54 KB (8,177 words) - 13:38, 22 August 2014
• Atmospheric circulation changes over the 21st century
  ...spects of importance include the role of circulation in the warming of the Antarctic Peninsula, the distribution of sea ice, and the seasonal to interannual var ...se changes in circulation have been demonstrated in station-based data and climate model realizations of the Twentieth and Twenty First Centuries.
  29 KB (4,462 words) - 17:11, 22 August 2014
• Attribution of ice sheet changes in the instrumental period
  ...sheet to a particular causal event or events such as recent/anthropogenic climate change. The inescapable fact is that ice sheet behaviour manifests itself a ...l, W., Rivera, A. and Thomas, R. 2004a. Accelerated ice discharge from the Antarctic Peninsula following the collapse of Larsen B ice shelf, Geophys. Res. Let.,
  13 KB (1,943 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Biological modelling and bioregionalization
  ...rt of the topic [[Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic]]'' ...dquo; structuring communities of the sublittoral Antarctic macrobenthos, ''Antarctic Sci.'', '''12''' (3), 297-313.</ref>) to others with possibly the lowest co
  8 KB (1,225 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Biological response of birds and mammals
  ..., Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and Bairlein, F. 2002. Ecological responses to recent climate change, ''Nature'', '''416''', 389-395.</ref>). Focussing on individual phy ...R&eacute;ale, D., McAdam, A.G. and Boutin, S. 2004. Keeping pace with fast climate change: can Arctic life count on evolution? Integrative Comp Biol., 44, 140
  16 KB (2,488 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Biological responses to 21st climate climate change
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years]]'' ...gests that long-term survival of these organisms under conditions of rapid climate change may be compromised.
  4 KB (557 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Biological responses to climate change
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment history in the pre-instrumental period]]'' ...climate and biological changes that might be anticipated over [[Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years|the next 100 years]].
  3 KB (503 words) - 13:42, 22 August 2014
• Biota of the Antarctic
  :''This page is part of the topic [[The Antarctic environment in the global system]]'' ...squo;s extreme environments without also addressing the impacts of current climate changes on organisms whose adaptations to climatic conditions have slowly e
  9 KB (1,315 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Changes in Antarctic permafrost over the past 50 years
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' Permafrost temperatures and active layer depth are sensitive indicators of climate because they integrate different climatic factors (i.e. air temperature, se
  6 KB (847 words) - 16:11, 6 August 2014
• Changes in Antarctic snowfall over the past 50 years
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' ==General spatial and temporal characteristics of Antarctic snowfall==
  20 KB (3,125 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Changes in sea ice extent through the Holocene
  ...climate change it will be essential to use proxy records to represent how Antarctic sea ice has changed in the past. ...., Denis, D., Courty, M-A. and Ther, O. 2007 Holocene long- and short-term climate changes off Adelie Land, ''East Antarctica. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosyst
  24 KB (3,785 words) - 17:17, 22 August 2014
• Changes to the Terrestrial cryosphere over the next 100 years
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years]]'' ...be composed of a superposition of the continuing gradual response to past climate change and the more rapid responses to present and future changes.
  26 KB (4,124 words) - 14:04, 22 August 2014
• Concluding remarks on the pre-instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment history in the pre-instrumental period]]'' ...raphical coverage of high resolution records and a better understanding of climate dynamics.
  7 KB (1,082 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Conclusions on the ice sheet in the instrumental period
  ...t places different parts in markedly different positions within the global climate system and subjects them to different environmental drivers. ...response on a centennial or millennial time scale to much older changes in climate.
  3 KB (475 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Coupled atmosphere-ocean models
  ...rt of the topic [[Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic]]'' ...ictions of future climate changes can only be made by using coupled global climate models (GCMs). These are also primary tools with which to simulate the past
  13 KB (2,051 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Deep time
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment history in the pre-instrumental period]]'' ...ar regions. Palaeorecords show that profound changes in earth&rsquo;s past climate have followed well-defined patterns and shifts on time scales of thousands
  1 KB (165 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Deglaciation of the continental shelf, coastal margin and continental interior
  ...nsula Climate Variability: Historical and Paleoenvironmental Perspectives, Antarctic Research Series, 79. American Geophysical Union.</ref>). ...ton, G.H., Prentice, M.L. and Burckle, L.H. 1991. Cainozoic history of the Antarctic ice sheet. In: Tingey (ed) Geology of Antarctica. Oxford University Press,
  22 KB (3,430 words) - 13:03, 22 August 2014
• Editors
  ...the Global Climate System from 2005 to 2008. He is the co-author of &lsquo;Antarctic Meteorology and Climatology&rsquo; and &lsquo;Polar Lows: Mesoscale Weather ...ew articles and is often quoted commenting on glaciological impacts of the climate on the world's ice sheets and glaciers.
  7 KB (1,089 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• ENSO links and teleconnections to vertebrate life histories and population
  ...slands, 1976-1987: implications for Southerrn Ocean monitoring studies. In Antarctic Ocean resources variability (ed. D Sahrhage), 261-285. Berlin, Germany: Spr ...s in SST and winter sea ice extent affect the recruitment and dispersal of Antarctic krill. Delayed effects of sea ice conditions on abundance relate to the pro
  15 KB (2,381 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Future developments in Antarctic observation
  ...ignificant problem for researchers in many areas of Antarctic science. The Antarctic continent is large and there are logistical difficulties in getting to many ...launch in coming years, many of which will directly benefit studies of the Antarctic. While not exhaustive because of changing plans, some of these are briefly
  7 KB (1,040 words) - 16:16, 22 August 2014
• Glacial interglacial cycles
  ...ng|thumb|'''3.9''' Main climatic events of the last 1 Million years in the Antarctic context]] ...he comparison with sea level proxies.png|thumb|'''3.10''' Accurately dated Antarctic ice-core records and the comparison with sea level proxies (Kawamura et al.
  35 KB (5,415 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Holocene climate change in East Antarctica (EA)
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Regional patterns of holocene climate change in Antarctica]]'' ...., Sugden, D.E. and Fink, D. 2007. Cenozoic Landscape Evolution of an East Antarctic Oasis (Radok Lake Area, Northern Prince Charles Mountains), and Its Implica
  38 KB (5,787 words) - 17:39, 22 August 2014
• Holocene climate change in the Antarctic Peninsula (AP)
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Regional patterns of holocene climate change in Antarctica]]'' ...nsula.png|thumb|'''3.26''' Selected Holocene environmental changes &ndash; Antarctic Peninsula]]
  32 KB (5,127 words) - 17:41, 22 August 2014
• Holocene climate change in the Ross Sea region (RS)
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Regional patterns of holocene climate change in Antarctica]]'' ...e Wright, a high-level Antarctic lake during the LGM and early Holocene, ''Antarctic Science'', '''13''', 53-60.</ref>). The large amount of water in these lake
  17 KB (2,705 words) - 17:43, 22 August 2014
• Holocene climate changes
  ...into account in understanding modern climate and the potential for future climate change. ...Kreutz, K. 2004b. A 700 year record of Southern Hemisphere extra-tropical climate variability, ''Annals of Glaciology'', '''39''', 127-132.</ref>).]]
  39 KB (5,945 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Ice sheet models
  ...rt of the topic [[Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic]]'' ...nd deformation of subglacial sediments. A recent overview of the status of Antarctic models is provided by Huybrechts (2004<ref name="Huybrechts, 2004">Huybrech
  33 KB (5,053 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Impacts of instrumental period climate change on invertebrates
  ...marine water breathing animals. These relationships lead us to expect that climate warming will have a significant impact on ecosystems at both poles. ...thermal specialization paradigm: compensation for elevated temperatures in Antarctic fish, ''Biol. Lett.'', '''2''', 151-154.</ref>).
  25 KB (3,817 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• In-situ ocean observations
  ...per, 2007">Smith, W. and Asper, V.A. 2007. New Ways to Collect Data in the Antarctic, EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 88, no. 48, 525.</ref>). ...n and alkalinity, trace metals and a host of other parameters important to climate, biogeochemical and ecological studies.
  17 KB (2,672 words) - 15:50, 6 August 2014
• Key points - 2009 version
  ...l not last. Over the next century we expect ozone concentrations above the Antarctic to recover, but if greenhouse gas concentrations increase at the present ra ...ent of our present interglacial period and to define the ranges of natural climate and environmental variability on timescales from decades to millennia that
  48 KB (7,673 words) - 18:27, 22 August 2014
• Key points - 2013 version
  ...CE Consortium. 2009. Review: Antarctic climate change and the environment, Antarctic Science, 1-23.</ref>). ...ibutors, the 53 national representatives at the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change meeting in Copenhagen, five UN agencies, all 35 SCAR National Delega
  142 KB (22,142 words) - 16:25, 6 August 2014
• Long term sea level change in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' ...05, doi:10.1029/2004GL019626.</ref>). However, it should be noted that the Antarctic contribution to sea level now is small compared to what it was following th
  8 KB (1,342 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine and terrestrial pollution
  ...005">Bargagli, R. 2005. Antarctic Ecosystems: Environmental Contamination, Climate Change, and Human Impact. Sprnger-Verlag, Berlin, 395 pp.</ref>). ...ance of the &ldquo;ozone hole&rdquo; and the rapid regional warming of the Antarctic Peninsula indicate that Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are inextricably
  38 KB (5,770 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biological responses to climate change
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Biological responses to climate change]]'' ...: Lower Tertiary La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctic Research Series, 55, 152 pp.</ref>). Thereafter shallow-marine benthic moll
  54 KB (8,173 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biology in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' #[[Impacts of instrumental period climate change on invertebrates]]
  657 B (84 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biology over the next 100 years
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Biological responses to 21st climate climate change]]'' ...Convey, P., Allen, C.S. and Clarke, A.C. 2006. Incursion and excursion of Antarctic biota: past, present and future, ''Global Ecol Biogeogr'', '''15''', 121-14
  9 KB (1,386 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biota of the Antarctic
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Biota of the Antarctic]]'' ...ted habitats because of their unusual faunas, which make the waters of the Antarctic shelf comparable to classic evolutionary sites such as the Galapagos.
  43 KB (6,450 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine picoplankton response to climate change
  ...rctic Peninsula and potential implications for the Antarctic food web. In: Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for Wider Ecological Understanding. W. Davidson, C. Howa [[Category:Antarctic biology]]
  2 KB (305 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Meteorological and ozone observing in the Antarctic
  ...nificant impetus towards setting up continuously operating stations in the Antarctic, and over forty were established, of which over a dozen are still operating [[File:Figure 2.1 - Map of Antarctic AWS sites.png|thumb|'''2.1''' Location of automatic weather station (AWS) s
  59 KB (9,046 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Modelling of the ACC and polar gyres
  ...latively warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) masses close to the edge of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. ...s, N.C., Ivchenko, V.O. and De Cuevas, B.A. 2005. Dynamical budgets of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current using ocean general-circulation models, ''Quart. J. Roy
  8 KB (1,343 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic
  ...es. In this section we examine some of the major classes of models used in Antarctic studies. #[[Regional climate models]]
  2 KB (322 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Near-shore marine disturbances over the next 100 years
  ...x, A., Vaughan, D. and Ferrigno, J. 2005, Retreating glacier fronts on the Antarctic Peninsula over the past half-century, ''Science'', '''308''', 541-544.</ref ...x, A., Vaughan, D. and Ferrigno, J. 2005, Retreating glacier fronts on the Antarctic Peninsula over the past half-century, ''Science'', '''308''', 541-544.</ref
  54 KB (8,443 words) - 17:49, 22 August 2014
• Observations, data accuracy and tools
  ...that are available to investigate climatic and environmental change in the Antarctic. We examine the availability and accuracy of ''in-situ'' physical and biolo ...research. Initially their applications were in the more physical areas of climate, ice sheet, sea ice and ocean modelling. However, they are now starting to
  2 KB (307 words) - 16:44, 6 August 2014
• Observations for studies of environmental change in the Antarctic
  :''This page is part of the topic [[The Antarctic environment in the global system]]'' ...e year-round. Those with year-round capability monitor many aspects of the Antarctic environment, such as meteorology, solar-terrestrial interactions in the Ear
  5 KB (752 words) - 15:09, 22 August 2014
• Observations of Antarctic permafrost
  ...nge with time, making difficult the modelling of the relationships between climate and active layer thickness. ...egimes from Antarctica and the Italian Alps, and their relevance to global climate change, ''Global and Planetary Change'', '''40''', 159-167.</ref>, Zhang an
  23 KB (3,347 words) - 19:33, 22 August 2014
• Observations of marine biology
  ...ed by ecological conditions and being of high relevance for predictions of climate change impact and natural conservation strategies.]] ...up>th</sup> century can provide data relevant to studies of the effects of climate on the ecosystem, and can provide a baseline for long-term observations, as
  23 KB (3,516 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Observations of the ice sheet
  ...ovides detailed information about the processes that operate to change the Antarctic environment. The combination of fieldwork, aircraft, and satellite measurem ...[[:File:Figure 1.3 - Antarctic surface elevation.png|Figure 1.3]] on [[The Antarctic cryosphere]]).
  52 KB (8,045 words) - 15:43, 22 August 2014
• Ocean change over the next 100 years
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years]]'' ...rvations and between different models. In particular, the transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) through Drake Passage simulated by those models r
  33 KB (5,321 words) - 15:57, 22 August 2014
• Ocean models of the Southern Ocean
  ...rt of the topic [[Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic]]'' ...007">Gnanadesikan, A., Griffies, S.M. and Samuels, B.L. 2007. Effects in a climate model of slope tapering in neutral physics schemes, ''Ocean Modelling'', ''
  37 KB (5,859 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Pathways of research in cold-adapted organisms and climate change
  ...d Smith, R.C. 2007. Climate change and the marine ecosystem of the western Antarctic Peninsula, ''Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B'', '''362''', 149-166.</ref>). ...ly, seasonal and longer-term environmental changes?&rdquo; and &rdquo;Will climate change result in either relaxation of selection pressure on genomes, or tig
  25 KB (3,663 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Precipitation changes over the 21st century
  ...s is paramount for resolving the uncertainty surrounding the future of the Antarctic ice sheet. ...06a">Monaghan, A.J., Bromwich, D.H. and Wang, S-H. 2006a. Recent trends in Antarctic snow accumulation from Polar MM5, ''Philosophical Trans. Royal. Soc. A'', '
  18 KB (2,723 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• About ACCE
  The Antarctic continent and Southern Ocean are extremely important parts of the global ph ...r present understanding of the physical and chemical climate system of the Antarctic region, the way it varies through time, and the profound influence of that
  5 KB (766 words) - 17:45, 21 August 2014
• Prospects for marine invasions by non-indigenous species
  ...wn S.L. 2007. Mytilus on the move: transport of an invasive bivalve to the Antarctic, ''Mar. Ecol Progr. Ser.'', '''339''', 307-310.</ref>) found that mussels ( ...D.B., Wilga C.D., Seibel B.A. 2007. Climate change and invisibility of the Antarctic benthos, ''Annual Review of Ecological and Evolutionary Systems'', '''38'''
  13 KB (2,063 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Recommendations
  ...round Antarctica, and the volume of the ice sheets, interact and influence climate at a global scale. Although a great deal of data are now available with whi ...re-instrumental period]], on research needed to improve the record of past climate change on geological time scales. In addition, scattered throughout the tex
  14 KB (2,069 words) - 16:14, 22 August 2014
• Regional climate models
  ...rt of the topic [[Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic]]'' ...rize processes that occur on a subgrid scale &ndash; like the scale of the Antarctic Peninsula. While the spatial resolution of GCMs will increase, their capabi
  5 KB (833 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Regional patterns of holocene climate change in Antarctica
  ...''19''', 51-69.</ref>), the role of various forcing mechanisms in regional climate change is poorly described. ...story of the Antarctic Peninsula since the Last Glacial Maximum, Arctic, ''Antarctic and Alpine Research'', '''35''', 175-186.</ref>).
  10 KB (1,543 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Satellite observations of the Southern Ocean
  ...t flux at the air-sea interface. On the global scale this is important for climate modelling, study of the Earth's heat balance, and obtaining insight into at ...(&lt;10 km) SST products to the operational oceanographic, meteorological, climate and general scientific community.
  20 KB (3,084 words) - 15:57, 6 August 2014
• Sea ice change over the 21st century
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years]]'' ...annual cycle of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice coverages by 11 major global climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 111, doi:10.1029/2005JC003408.</ref>).
  4 KB (684 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Sea ice observations
  ...osh (1972<ref name="Mackintosh, 1972">Mackintosh, N.A. 1972. Life cycle of Antarctic krill in relation to ice and water conditions, ''Discovery Reports'', '''36 ...Mare, 1997">De La Mare, W.K. 1997. Abrupt mid-twentieth century decline in Antarctic sea-ice extent from whaling records, ''Nature'', '''389''' (6646), 57-61.</
  18 KB (2,972 words) - 17:53, 22 August 2014
• Sea ice over the last million years
  ...and Keeling, 2000">Stephens, B.B. and Keeling, R.F. 2000. The influence of Antarctic sea ice on glacial-interglacial CO₂ variations, ''Nature'', '''4 ...ribution of the Southern Ocean at the EPILOG Last Glacial Maximum-a circum-Antarctic view based on siliceous microfossil records, ''Quaternary Science Reviews''
  13 KB (2,050 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Sea level observations
  ...ure 2.28 - Map of the main Antarctic tide gauges.png|thumb|'''2.28''' Main Antarctic tide gauges described in the text.]] ...commenced in 1958, the equipment having been installed at the then British Antarctic Survey Faraday base during the International Geophysical Year, thereby prov
  11 KB (1,784 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Small-scale processes in the Southern Ocean
  ...cale processes could affect large-scale conditions i.e. the oceans role in climate. ...Wolff, J.-O. 2004. The dynamical balance, transport and circulation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, ''Antarct. Sci.'', '''16''', 439-470.</ref>) for two r
  18 KB (2,816 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Temperature changes in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' Surface temperature trends across the Antarctic can be determined using a number of different forms of data, including the
  30 KB (4,676 words) - 18:04, 22 August 2014
• Temperature changes over the 21st century
  ...l, 2008">Bracegirdle, T.J., Connolley, W.M. and Turner, J. 2008. Antarctic climate change over the Twenty First Century, Journal of Geophysical Research &ndas ...l, 2008">Bracegirdle, T.J., Connolley, W.M. and Turner, J. 2008. Antarctic climate change over the Twenty First Century, Journal of Geophysical Research &ndas
  8 KB (1,217 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• Terrestrial biological responses to climate change
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Biological responses to climate change]]'' ...). Exceptions to this generalization are provided first by the continental Antarctic &lsquo;Dry Valleys&rsquo; of Victoria Land, providing several thousand squa
  21 KB (3,069 words) - 18:14, 22 August 2014
• Terrestrial biology in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' ...ures are found in coastal regions of the continent, particularly along the Antarctic Peninsula and in Victoria Land, terrestrial habitats exist in all sectors o
  32 KB (4,651 words) - 16:17, 6 August 2014
• Terrestrial biology over the next 100 years
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Biological responses to 21st climate climate change]]'' ...itude. Furthermore, regional environmental change in the sub- and maritime Antarctic is likely to act in synergy with anthropogenic transfer, lowering the curre
  22 KB (3,193 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas in the instrumental period
  ...-22, doi:10.1007/s00300-005-0058-5.</ref>). A comprehensive field study on Antarctic krill in the Amundsen Sea has yet to be conducted. ...ruises (colour coded). Fringing ice shelves and glaciers draining the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in light blue (Nitsche et al., 2007<ref name="Nitsche et al, 2007
  11 KB (1,650 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Antarctic cryosphere
  :''This page is part of the topic [[The Antarctic environment in the global system]]'' ...T.W. and Nowlin Jr.,W.D. 1995. On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, ''Deep-Sea Res.'', '''42''', 641-673.</ref>) and bathy
  15 KB (2,479 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Antarctic environment in the global system
  ...st chapter sets out the nature of the physical-chemical environment of the Antarctic region and briefly describes key features of life there today. #[[The Antarctic cryosphere]]
  882 B (123 words) - 16:43, 6 August 2014
• The Antarctic marine ecosystem in the year 2100
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Biological responses to 21st climate climate change]]'' ..., because they now include some measurements of regional as well as global climate change.
  20 KB (3,055 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Antarctic Peninsula cryosphere in the instrumental period
  ...tic Peninsula and their implications for ice-sheet mass balance, Arctic, ''Antarctic and Alpine Research'', '''38''', 147-152.</ref>). ...tic Peninsula and their implications for ice-sheet mass balance, Arctic, ''Antarctic and Alpine Research'', '''38''', 147-152.</ref>).
  40 KB (6,031 words) - 18:17, 22 August 2014
• The Australian sector in the instrumental period
  ...oul (2007<ref name="Rintoul, 2007">Rintoul, S.R. 2007. Rapid freshening of Antarctic Bottom Water formed in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, ''Geophys. Res. Lett. ...rtney, M.S. and Donohue, K.A. 2007. A deep cyclonic gyre in the Australian-Antarctic Basin, ''Progress in Oceanography'', '''75''', 675-750.</ref>).
  14 KB (2,205 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The climate of the Antarctic and its variability
  :''This page is part of the topic [[The Antarctic environment in the global system]]'' In the summer, when the sun is above the horizon for long periods, the Antarctic receives more solar radiation than the tropics, but the highly reflective i
  12 KB (1,933 words) - 16:38, 22 August 2014
• The East Antarctic cryosphere in the instrumental period
  ...son, D. and Solomon, S. 2002. Interpretation of recent southern hemisphere climate change, ''Science'', '''296'''(5569), 895-899.</ref>). The absence of signi ...">Shepherd, A. and Wingham, D. 2007. Recent sea-level contributions of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, ''Science'', '''315''' (5818), 1529-1532.</ref>).
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• The Greenhouse world - from the breakup of Gondwana to 34 million years ago
  ...ne in a Changing World. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 19-27.</ref>) ...nstrates that, despite its polar position, Antarctica had a warm temperate climate that allowed the growth of lush forests ([[:File:Figure 3.3 - Reconstructio
  20 KB (3,076 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Holocene
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment history in the pre-instrumental period]]'' ...nd ocean circulation. Finally we look at the regional patterns of Holocene climate and environmental change experienced in the major regions of Antarctica whi
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• The Icehouse world - the last 34 million years
  ...A., Aoki, S., and Xiao, C. 2009. State of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Climate System (SASOCS), ''Reviews of Geophysics'', '''47''', RG1003, doi:10.1029/2 ...A., Aoki, S., and Xiao, C. 2009. State of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Climate System (SASOCS), ''Reviews of Geophysics'', '''47''', RG1003, doi:10.1029/2
  27 KB (4,257 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The ice sheet in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' ...et will evolve towards a shape and pattern of flow specific to the current climate, where flow exactly compensates the spatial pattern of ice accumulation (sn
  20 KB (3,052 words) - 16:00, 6 August 2014
• The impact of global climate change in polar marine environments
  ...ed, but legal and illegal fishing continues, especially for Patagonian and Antarctic Toothfish as well as for krill. ...e much more evident in the Arctic than in the Antarctic except west of the Antarctic Peninsula.
  14 KB (2,188 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The IPCC fourth assessment report
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years]]'' ...ngs of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 1704-9.</ref>) show that the climate change resulting from increases in CO₂ concentration in the atmo
  33 KB (5,155 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The last million years
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment history in the pre-instrumental period]]'' ...evel. Finally we review the influence of changing sea ice distributions on climate.
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• The open ocean system in the instrumental period
  ....J., Tarling, G.A. and Fleming, A.H. 2008. Oceanic circumpolar habitats of Antarctic krill, ''Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser'', '''362''', 1-23.</ref>, &copy; Atkinson et ...and its wider linkages: insights revealed from models and observations, ''Antarctic Science'', '''16''', 387-400.</ref>).
  28 KB (4,437 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The role of the Antarctic in the global climate system
  :''This page is part of the topic [[The Antarctic environment in the global system]]'' ...shelves and land ice with the ocean and atmosphere make predictions about climate change a challenge.
  31 KB (4,808 words) - 16:51, 22 August 2014
• The Southern Ocean carbon cycle response to future climate change
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years]]'' ....009.</ref>). Clearly then the way in which the Southern Ocean responds to climate change will directly impact global atmospheric CO₂ levels and he
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• The Southern Ocean carbon cycle response to historical climate change
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' ...system. In: Eds. G. Siedler, J. Church and J. Gould, Ocean circulation and climate; observing and modelling the global ocean. International Geophysics Series,
  36 KB (5,780 words) - 16:53, 6 August 2014
• The Southern Ocean in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' ...deep one related to sinking motion along the continental slope to form the Antarctic Bottom Water, and the shallow one forming Mode and Intermediate Waters in t
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• The transition to Holocene interglacial conditions
  ...ison, J.L., Werner, M. and Wolff, E. 2007. Orbital and millenial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years, ''Science'', '''317''', 793-796.</ ...ronmental changes and the precise sequence of events during the last major climate transition.
  32 KB (4,956 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Weddell Sea sector in the instrumental period
  ...waters). The transformation of this source water mass is one of the major climate-relevant processes in the Southern Hemisphere, affecting and involving ocea ...ses into the formation areas and the newly formed water masses leaving the Antarctic Systems into the world oceans. However, since these transport differences a
  15 KB (2,389 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The West Antarctic cryosphere in the instrumental period
  ...125,000 years ago and the concern driving much of the research of the West Antarctic ice sheet was whether such an eventuality was inevitable or even underway. The West Antarctic ice sheet is conveniently divided into three sectors, each feeding ice into
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• Understanding the seasonality of Antarctic benthic shelf communities
  ...n a metre thick, which is why most of the large predators abandon the high Antarctic at the start of the long austral winter. ...(Clarke, 1988<ref name="Clarke, 1988">Clarke, A. 1988. Seasonality in the Antarctic marine environment, ''Comp. Biochem. Physiol.'', '''90'''(B), 461-473</ref>
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