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• Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic
  ...es. In this section we examine some of the major classes of models used in Antarctic studies. #[[Regional climate models]]
  2 KB (322 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Near-shore marine disturbances over the next 100 years
  ...x, A., Vaughan, D. and Ferrigno, J. 2005, Retreating glacier fronts on the Antarctic Peninsula over the past half-century, ''Science'', '''308''', 541-544.</ref ...x, A., Vaughan, D. and Ferrigno, J. 2005, Retreating glacier fronts on the Antarctic Peninsula over the past half-century, ''Science'', '''308''', 541-544.</ref
  54 KB (8,443 words) - 17:49, 22 August 2014
• Observations, data accuracy and tools
  ...that are available to investigate climatic and environmental change in the Antarctic. We examine the availability and accuracy of ''in-situ'' physical and biolo ...research. Initially their applications were in the more physical areas of climate, ice sheet, sea ice and ocean modelling. However, they are now starting to
  2 KB (307 words) - 16:44, 6 August 2014
• Observations for studies of environmental change in the Antarctic
  :''This page is part of the topic [[The Antarctic environment in the global system]]'' ...e year-round. Those with year-round capability monitor many aspects of the Antarctic environment, such as meteorology, solar-terrestrial interactions in the Ear
  5 KB (752 words) - 15:09, 22 August 2014
• Observations of Antarctic permafrost
  ...nge with time, making difficult the modelling of the relationships between climate and active layer thickness. ...egimes from Antarctica and the Italian Alps, and their relevance to global climate change, ''Global and Planetary Change'', '''40''', 159-167.</ref>, Zhang an
  23 KB (3,347 words) - 19:33, 22 August 2014
• Observations of marine biology
  ...ed by ecological conditions and being of high relevance for predictions of climate change impact and natural conservation strategies.]] ...up>th</sup> century can provide data relevant to studies of the effects of climate on the ecosystem, and can provide a baseline for long-term observations, as
  23 KB (3,516 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Observations of the ice sheet
  ...ovides detailed information about the processes that operate to change the Antarctic environment. The combination of fieldwork, aircraft, and satellite measurem ...[[:File:Figure 1.3 - Antarctic surface elevation.png|Figure 1.3]] on [[The Antarctic cryosphere]]).
  52 KB (8,045 words) - 15:43, 22 August 2014
• Ocean change over the next 100 years
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years]]'' ...rvations and between different models. In particular, the transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) through Drake Passage simulated by those models r
  33 KB (5,321 words) - 15:57, 22 August 2014
• Ocean models of the Southern Ocean
  ...rt of the topic [[Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic]]'' ...007">Gnanadesikan, A., Griffies, S.M. and Samuels, B.L. 2007. Effects in a climate model of slope tapering in neutral physics schemes, ''Ocean Modelling'', ''
  37 KB (5,859 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Pathways of research in cold-adapted organisms and climate change
  ...d Smith, R.C. 2007. Climate change and the marine ecosystem of the western Antarctic Peninsula, ''Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B'', '''362''', 149-166.</ref>). ...ly, seasonal and longer-term environmental changes?&rdquo; and &rdquo;Will climate change result in either relaxation of selection pressure on genomes, or tig
  25 KB (3,663 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Precipitation changes over the 21st century
  ...s is paramount for resolving the uncertainty surrounding the future of the Antarctic ice sheet. ...06a">Monaghan, A.J., Bromwich, D.H. and Wang, S-H. 2006a. Recent trends in Antarctic snow accumulation from Polar MM5, ''Philosophical Trans. Royal. Soc. A'', '
  18 KB (2,723 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• About ACCE
  The Antarctic continent and Southern Ocean are extremely important parts of the global ph ...r present understanding of the physical and chemical climate system of the Antarctic region, the way it varies through time, and the profound influence of that
  5 KB (766 words) - 17:45, 21 August 2014
• Prospects for marine invasions by non-indigenous species
  ...wn S.L. 2007. Mytilus on the move: transport of an invasive bivalve to the Antarctic, ''Mar. Ecol Progr. Ser.'', '''339''', 307-310.</ref>) found that mussels ( ...D.B., Wilga C.D., Seibel B.A. 2007. Climate change and invisibility of the Antarctic benthos, ''Annual Review of Ecological and Evolutionary Systems'', '''38'''
  13 KB (2,063 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Recommendations
  ...round Antarctica, and the volume of the ice sheets, interact and influence climate at a global scale. Although a great deal of data are now available with whi ...re-instrumental period]], on research needed to improve the record of past climate change on geological time scales. In addition, scattered throughout the tex
  14 KB (2,069 words) - 16:14, 22 August 2014
• Regional climate models
  ...rt of the topic [[Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic]]'' ...rize processes that occur on a subgrid scale &ndash; like the scale of the Antarctic Peninsula. While the spatial resolution of GCMs will increase, their capabi
  5 KB (833 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Regional patterns of holocene climate change in Antarctica
  ...''19''', 51-69.</ref>), the role of various forcing mechanisms in regional climate change is poorly described. ...story of the Antarctic Peninsula since the Last Glacial Maximum, Arctic, ''Antarctic and Alpine Research'', '''35''', 175-186.</ref>).
  10 KB (1,543 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Satellite observations of the Southern Ocean
  ...t flux at the air-sea interface. On the global scale this is important for climate modelling, study of the Earth's heat balance, and obtaining insight into at ...(&lt;10 km) SST products to the operational oceanographic, meteorological, climate and general scientific community.
  20 KB (3,084 words) - 15:57, 6 August 2014
• Sea ice change over the 21st century
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years]]'' ...annual cycle of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice coverages by 11 major global climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 111, doi:10.1029/2005JC003408.</ref>).
  4 KB (684 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Sea ice observations
  ...osh (1972<ref name="Mackintosh, 1972">Mackintosh, N.A. 1972. Life cycle of Antarctic krill in relation to ice and water conditions, ''Discovery Reports'', '''36 ...Mare, 1997">De La Mare, W.K. 1997. Abrupt mid-twentieth century decline in Antarctic sea-ice extent from whaling records, ''Nature'', '''389''' (6646), 57-61.</
  18 KB (2,972 words) - 17:53, 22 August 2014
• Sea ice over the last million years
  ...and Keeling, 2000">Stephens, B.B. and Keeling, R.F. 2000. The influence of Antarctic sea ice on glacial-interglacial CO₂ variations, ''Nature'', '''4 ...ribution of the Southern Ocean at the EPILOG Last Glacial Maximum-a circum-Antarctic view based on siliceous microfossil records, ''Quaternary Science Reviews''
  13 KB (2,050 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Sea level observations
  ...ure 2.28 - Map of the main Antarctic tide gauges.png|thumb|'''2.28''' Main Antarctic tide gauges described in the text.]] ...commenced in 1958, the equipment having been installed at the then British Antarctic Survey Faraday base during the International Geophysical Year, thereby prov
  11 KB (1,784 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Small-scale processes in the Southern Ocean
  ...cale processes could affect large-scale conditions i.e. the oceans role in climate. ...Wolff, J.-O. 2004. The dynamical balance, transport and circulation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, ''Antarct. Sci.'', '''16''', 439-470.</ref>) for two r
  18 KB (2,816 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Temperature changes in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' Surface temperature trends across the Antarctic can be determined using a number of different forms of data, including the
  30 KB (4,676 words) - 18:04, 22 August 2014
• Temperature changes over the 21st century
  ...l, 2008">Bracegirdle, T.J., Connolley, W.M. and Turner, J. 2008. Antarctic climate change over the Twenty First Century, Journal of Geophysical Research &ndas ...l, 2008">Bracegirdle, T.J., Connolley, W.M. and Turner, J. 2008. Antarctic climate change over the Twenty First Century, Journal of Geophysical Research &ndas
  8 KB (1,217 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• Terrestrial biological responses to climate change
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Biological responses to climate change]]'' ...). Exceptions to this generalization are provided first by the continental Antarctic &lsquo;Dry Valleys&rsquo; of Victoria Land, providing several thousand squa
  21 KB (3,069 words) - 18:14, 22 August 2014
• Terrestrial biology in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' ...ures are found in coastal regions of the continent, particularly along the Antarctic Peninsula and in Victoria Land, terrestrial habitats exist in all sectors o
  32 KB (4,651 words) - 16:17, 6 August 2014
• Terrestrial biology over the next 100 years
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Biological responses to 21st climate climate change]]'' ...itude. Furthermore, regional environmental change in the sub- and maritime Antarctic is likely to act in synergy with anthropogenic transfer, lowering the curre
  22 KB (3,193 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas in the instrumental period
  ...-22, doi:10.1007/s00300-005-0058-5.</ref>). A comprehensive field study on Antarctic krill in the Amundsen Sea has yet to be conducted. ...ruises (colour coded). Fringing ice shelves and glaciers draining the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in light blue (Nitsche et al., 2007<ref name="Nitsche et al, 2007
  11 KB (1,650 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Antarctic cryosphere
  :''This page is part of the topic [[The Antarctic environment in the global system]]'' ...T.W. and Nowlin Jr.,W.D. 1995. On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, ''Deep-Sea Res.'', '''42''', 641-673.</ref>) and bathy
  15 KB (2,479 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Antarctic environment in the global system
  ...st chapter sets out the nature of the physical-chemical environment of the Antarctic region and briefly describes key features of life there today. #[[The Antarctic cryosphere]]
  882 B (123 words) - 16:43, 6 August 2014
• The Antarctic marine ecosystem in the year 2100
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Biological responses to 21st climate climate change]]'' ..., because they now include some measurements of regional as well as global climate change.
  20 KB (3,055 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Antarctic Peninsula cryosphere in the instrumental period
  ...tic Peninsula and their implications for ice-sheet mass balance, Arctic, ''Antarctic and Alpine Research'', '''38''', 147-152.</ref>). ...tic Peninsula and their implications for ice-sheet mass balance, Arctic, ''Antarctic and Alpine Research'', '''38''', 147-152.</ref>).
  40 KB (6,031 words) - 18:17, 22 August 2014
• The Australian sector in the instrumental period
  ...oul (2007<ref name="Rintoul, 2007">Rintoul, S.R. 2007. Rapid freshening of Antarctic Bottom Water formed in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, ''Geophys. Res. Lett. ...rtney, M.S. and Donohue, K.A. 2007. A deep cyclonic gyre in the Australian-Antarctic Basin, ''Progress in Oceanography'', '''75''', 675-750.</ref>).
  14 KB (2,205 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The climate of the Antarctic and its variability
  :''This page is part of the topic [[The Antarctic environment in the global system]]'' In the summer, when the sun is above the horizon for long periods, the Antarctic receives more solar radiation than the tropics, but the highly reflective i
  12 KB (1,933 words) - 16:38, 22 August 2014
• The East Antarctic cryosphere in the instrumental period
  ...son, D. and Solomon, S. 2002. Interpretation of recent southern hemisphere climate change, ''Science'', '''296'''(5569), 895-899.</ref>). The absence of signi ...">Shepherd, A. and Wingham, D. 2007. Recent sea-level contributions of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, ''Science'', '''315''' (5818), 1529-1532.</ref>).
  5 KB (726 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Greenhouse world - from the breakup of Gondwana to 34 million years ago
  ...ne in a Changing World. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 19-27.</ref>) ...nstrates that, despite its polar position, Antarctica had a warm temperate climate that allowed the growth of lush forests ([[:File:Figure 3.3 - Reconstructio
  20 KB (3,076 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Holocene
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment history in the pre-instrumental period]]'' ...nd ocean circulation. Finally we look at the regional patterns of Holocene climate and environmental change experienced in the major regions of Antarctica whi
  1 KB (199 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Icehouse world - the last 34 million years
  ...A., Aoki, S., and Xiao, C. 2009. State of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Climate System (SASOCS), ''Reviews of Geophysics'', '''47''', RG1003, doi:10.1029/2 ...A., Aoki, S., and Xiao, C. 2009. State of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Climate System (SASOCS), ''Reviews of Geophysics'', '''47''', RG1003, doi:10.1029/2
  27 KB (4,257 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The ice sheet in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' ...et will evolve towards a shape and pattern of flow specific to the current climate, where flow exactly compensates the spatial pattern of ice accumulation (sn
  20 KB (3,052 words) - 16:00, 6 August 2014
• The impact of global climate change in polar marine environments
  ...ed, but legal and illegal fishing continues, especially for Patagonian and Antarctic Toothfish as well as for krill. ...e much more evident in the Arctic than in the Antarctic except west of the Antarctic Peninsula.
  14 KB (2,188 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The IPCC fourth assessment report
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years]]'' ...ngs of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 1704-9.</ref>) show that the climate change resulting from increases in CO₂ concentration in the atmo
  33 KB (5,155 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The last million years
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment history in the pre-instrumental period]]'' ...evel. Finally we review the influence of changing sea ice distributions on climate.
  1 KB (164 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The open ocean system in the instrumental period
  ....J., Tarling, G.A. and Fleming, A.H. 2008. Oceanic circumpolar habitats of Antarctic krill, ''Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser'', '''362''', 1-23.</ref>, &copy; Atkinson et ...and its wider linkages: insights revealed from models and observations, ''Antarctic Science'', '''16''', 387-400.</ref>).
  28 KB (4,437 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The role of the Antarctic in the global climate system
  :''This page is part of the topic [[The Antarctic environment in the global system]]'' ...shelves and land ice with the ocean and atmosphere make predictions about climate change a challenge.
  31 KB (4,808 words) - 16:51, 22 August 2014
• The Southern Ocean carbon cycle response to future climate change
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years]]'' ....009.</ref>). Clearly then the way in which the Southern Ocean responds to climate change will directly impact global atmospheric CO₂ levels and he
  22 KB (3,567 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Southern Ocean carbon cycle response to historical climate change
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' ...system. In: Eds. G. Siedler, J. Church and J. Gould, Ocean circulation and climate; observing and modelling the global ocean. International Geophysics Series,
  36 KB (5,780 words) - 16:53, 6 August 2014
• The Southern Ocean in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' ...deep one related to sinking motion along the continental slope to form the Antarctic Bottom Water, and the shallow one forming Mode and Intermediate Waters in t
  16 KB (2,443 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The transition to Holocene interglacial conditions
  ...ison, J.L., Werner, M. and Wolff, E. 2007. Orbital and millenial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years, ''Science'', '''317''', 793-796.</ ...ronmental changes and the precise sequence of events during the last major climate transition.
  32 KB (4,956 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Weddell Sea sector in the instrumental period
  ...waters). The transformation of this source water mass is one of the major climate-relevant processes in the Southern Hemisphere, affecting and involving ocea ...ses into the formation areas and the newly formed water masses leaving the Antarctic Systems into the world oceans. However, since these transport differences a
  15 KB (2,389 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The West Antarctic cryosphere in the instrumental period
  ...125,000 years ago and the concern driving much of the research of the West Antarctic ice sheet was whether such an eventuality was inevitable or even underway. The West Antarctic ice sheet is conveniently divided into three sectors, each feeding ice into
  17 KB (2,692 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014