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• In-situ ocean observations
  ...per, 2007">Smith, W. and Asper, V.A. 2007. New Ways to Collect Data in the Antarctic, EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 88, no. 48, 525.</ref>). ...er to examine its properties or by catching and examining animals from the sea has been carried out to some extent since humans first took to the oceans.
  17 KB (2,672 words) - 15:50, 6 August 2014
• Key points - 2009 version
  ...ill increase by several degrees and there will be about one third less sea ice.</li> ...h&rsquo;s biogeochemical cycles. During these times there was little or no ice on land.</li>
  48 KB (7,673 words) - 18:27, 22 August 2014
• Key points - 2013 version
  ...CE Consortium. 2009. Review: Antarctic climate change and the environment, Antarctic Science, 1-23.</ref>). ...ch results emerged. Short information papers describing recent advances in Antarctic climate change and its possible impacts on biota were presented to the ATCM
  142 KB (22,142 words) - 16:25, 6 August 2014
• Long term sea level change in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' ...26.</ref>). However, it should be noted that the Antarctic contribution to sea level now is small compared to what it was following the LGM Transition and
  8 KB (1,342 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine and terrestrial pollution
  ...bal processes (Bargagli, 2005<ref name="Bargagli, 2005">Bargagli, R. 2005. Antarctic Ecosystems: Environmental Contamination, Climate Change, and Human Impact. ...ance of the &ldquo;ozone hole&rdquo; and the rapid regional warming of the Antarctic Peninsula indicate that Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are inextricably
  38 KB (5,770 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biological responses to climate change
  ...: Lower Tertiary La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctic Research Series, 55, 152 pp.</ref>). Thereafter shallow-marine benthic moll .../ref>). Although there is clear geophysical evidence for extensions of the ice-sheet having reduced considerably the area of continental shelf at least on
  54 KB (8,173 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biology in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' #[[Sea ice ecosystems in the instrumental period]]
  657 B (84 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biology over the next 100 years
  ...Convey, P., Allen, C.S. and Clarke, A.C. 2006. Incursion and excursion of Antarctic biota: past, present and future, ''Global Ecol Biogeogr'', '''15''', 121-14 ...volutionary divergence between geographically separated populations of the Antarctic octopus ''Pareledone turqueti''. Marine Biology, 129 (1), 97-102.</ref>) co
  9 KB (1,386 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biota of the Antarctic
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Biota of the Antarctic]]'' ...ted habitats because of their unusual faunas, which make the waters of the Antarctic shelf comparable to classic evolutionary sites such as the Galapagos.
  43 KB (6,450 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine picoplankton response to climate change
  ...al., in press). How these processes, and habitat changes (i.e. loss of sea ice) will impact microbial diversity and community structure is unknown. Studie [[Category:Antarctic biology]]
  2 KB (305 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Meteorological and ozone observing in the Antarctic
  ...nificant impetus towards setting up continuously operating stations in the Antarctic, and over forty were established, of which over a dozen are still operating ...s are much milder than the interior due to the moderating influence of the sea and, at the more local scale, the surrounding rock. Automatic stations are
  59 KB (9,046 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Modelling of the ACC and polar gyres
  ...arm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) masses close to the edge of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. ...s, N.C., Ivchenko, V.O. and De Cuevas, B.A. 2005. Dynamical budgets of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current using ocean general-circulation models, ''Quart. J. Roy
  8 KB (1,343 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic
  ...es. In this section we examine some of the major classes of models used in Antarctic studies. #[[Ice sheet models]]
  2 KB (322 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Near-shore marine disturbances over the next 100 years
  ...x, A., Vaughan, D. and Ferrigno, J. 2005, Retreating glacier fronts on the Antarctic Peninsula over the past half-century, ''Science'', '''308''', 541-544.</ref ...over the next 100 years, possibly increasing to 1.5&ordm;C in the Amundsen Sea, while winter SSTs remain within 0.5&ordm;C of where they are now, except l
  54 KB (8,443 words) - 17:49, 22 August 2014
• Observations, data accuracy and tools
  ...hysical and biological data, including the data that can be extracted from ice cores, along with the information that can be obtained from satellite syste ...ir applications were in the more physical areas of climate, ice sheet, sea ice and ocean modelling. However, they are now starting to be employed in biolo
  2 KB (307 words) - 16:44, 6 August 2014
• Observations for studies of environmental change in the Antarctic
  :''This page is part of the topic [[The Antarctic environment in the global system]]'' ...osphere (known as &lsquo;geospace&rsquo;), coastal sea ice conditions, and sea level. These observations have produced instrumental records that are in ma
  5 KB (752 words) - 15:09, 22 August 2014
• Observations of Antarctic permafrost
  ...temperature (GST) and the thermal properties of the ground, especially its ice/water content. Not all sites are sensitive to climate change, because heat ...ons between climate, vegetation and active layer in Maritime Antarctica, ''Antarctic Science'', '''18'''(3), 323-333.</ref>; Guglielmin et al., 2007<ref name="G
  23 KB (3,347 words) - 19:33, 22 August 2014
• Observations of marine biology
  ...inst sampling effort, from SOMBASE.png|thumb|'''2.29''' Large-scale circum-Antarctic depiction and analysis of semi-standardized biodiversity-datasets is possib Historical expeditions in Antarctic offshore waters dating back to the second half of the 19^th centu
  23 KB (3,516 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Observations of the ice sheet
  ...ovides detailed information about the processes that operate to change the Antarctic environment. The combination of fieldwork, aircraft, and satellite measurem ...[[:File:Figure 1.3 - Antarctic surface elevation.png|Figure 1.3]] on [[The Antarctic cryosphere]]).
  52 KB (8,045 words) - 15:43, 22 August 2014
• Ocean change over the next 100 years
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years]]'' ...rvations and between different models. In particular, the transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) through Drake Passage simulated by those models r
  33 KB (5,321 words) - 15:57, 22 August 2014
• Ocean models of the Southern Ocean
  ...rt of the topic [[Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic]]'' ...ace and near surface layers. Detailed studies of density currents, the sea ice field and other key regions provide further local checks on model performan
  37 KB (5,859 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Pathways of research in cold-adapted organisms and climate change
  ...d Smith, R.C. 2007. Climate change and the marine ecosystem of the western Antarctic Peninsula, ''Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B'', '''362''', 149-166.</ref>). ...sses relevant to life on Earth. Key questions include: &ldquo;How well are Antarctic organisms able to cope with daily, seasonal and longer-term environmental c
  25 KB (3,663 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Precipitation changes over the 21st century
  ...ount for resolving the uncertainty surrounding the future of the Antarctic ice sheet. ...snow hill is also associated with Byrd&rsquo;s former station on the Ross Ice Shelf).
  18 KB (2,723 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Prospects for marine invasions by non-indigenous species
  ...ove &ndash; except in the case of large mammals from small islands. In the sea, though, there is not a single case of an invading NIS being successfully r ...wn S.L. 2007. Mytilus on the move: transport of an invasive bivalve to the Antarctic, ''Mar. Ecol Progr. Ser.'', '''339''', 307-310.</ref>) found that mussels (
  13 KB (2,063 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Recommendations
  ...mospheric and oceanic circulation around Antarctica, and the volume of the ice sheets, interact and influence climate at a global scale. Although a great ...uplication. Other recommendations can be found in [[Future developments in Antarctic observation]], on specific observing system requirements, and in [[Concludi
  14 KB (2,069 words) - 16:14, 22 August 2014
• Regional climate models
  ...rt of the topic [[Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic]]'' ...rize processes that occur on a subgrid scale &ndash; like the scale of the Antarctic Peninsula. While the spatial resolution of GCMs will increase, their capabi
  5 KB (833 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Regional patterns of holocene climate change in Antarctica
  ...d Evans, J. 2009. Mechanisms of Holocene palaeoenvironmental change in the Antarctic Peninsula region, ''The Holocene'', '''19''', 51-69.</ref>), the role of va ...story of the Antarctic Peninsula since the Last Glacial Maximum, Arctic, ''Antarctic and Alpine Research'', '''35''', 175-186.</ref>).
  10 KB (1,543 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Ross Sea shelf waters in the instrumental period
  ...tal Shelf. In: Eds G. Spezie and G.M.R. Manzella, Oceanography of the Ross Sea Antarctica, Springer-Verlag Italia, Milano, 3-16.</ref>). ...nd S.S. Jacobs (1994) Temporal changes in shelf water of the southern Ross Sea, ''Antarct. J. of the U.S.'', '''29'''(5), 123-124.</ref>) noted that salin
  8 KB (1,297 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Satellite observations of the Southern Ocean
  ...erometers, infra-red and microwave sensors for sea-surface temperature and ice extent and visible-wavelength radiometers for ocean colour. Ensuring their ==Sea Surface Temperature==
  20 KB (3,084 words) - 15:57, 6 August 2014
• Sea ice biological and physical modeling
  ...rt of the topic [[Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic]]'' ...arrison, 1991<ref name="Garrison, 1991">Garrison, D.L. 1991. Antarctic sea ice biota, ''Am. Zool.'', '''31''', 17-33.</ref>).
  18 KB (2,786 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Sea ice change over the 21st century
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years]]'' ...aluation of the simulation of the annual cycle of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice coverages by 11 major global climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 111, doi:10.
  4 KB (684 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Sea ice ecosystems in the instrumental period
  ...only factor because the krill decline began before the retreat of the sea ice. [[Category:Antarctic biology]]
  2 KB (306 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Sea ice observations
  ...1972">Mackintosh, N.A. 1972. Life cycle of Antarctic krill in relation to ice and water conditions, ''Discovery Reports'', '''36''', 1-94.</ref>). ...n many quarters and cannot be regarded as proof of a major decrease in sea ice extent between the 1940s and 1970s.
  18 KB (2,972 words) - 17:53, 22 August 2014
• Sea ice over the last million years
  ...rosta, X., Sturm, A., Armand, L. and Pichon, J.J. 2004. Late Qaternary sea ice history in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean as record by diatom asse ==Sea ice extent==
  13 KB (2,050 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Sea level observations
  ==Monitoring sea level== ...mentally hostile areas to the same standard as is possible elsewhere. Most sea level measurements during the 19^th and 20^th centuries
  11 KB (1,784 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Small-scale processes in the Southern Ocean
  ...orison, J.H. and Nilsen, F. 2008. Revisiting heat and salt exchange at the ice-ocean interface: Ocean flux and modelling considerations, ''Journal of Geop ...Wolff, J.-O. 2004. The dynamical balance, transport and circulation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, ''Antarct. Sci.'', '''16''', 439-470.</ref>) for two r
  18 KB (2,816 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Temperature changes in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' ...a, including the ''in-situ'' observations, satellite infra-red imagery and ice core isotope measurements. In order to get a reasonable estimate of trends
  30 KB (4,676 words) - 18:04, 22 August 2014
• Temperature changes over the 21st century
  ...irdle et al, 2008">Bracegirdle, T.J., Connolley, W.M. and Turner, J. 2008. Antarctic climate change over the Twenty First Century, Journal of Geophysical Resear ...irdle et al, 2008">Bracegirdle, T.J., Connolley, W.M. and Turner, J. 2008. Antarctic climate change over the Twenty First Century, Journal of Geophysical Resear
  8 KB (1,217 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• Terrestrial biological responses to climate change
  ...). Exceptions to this generalization are provided first by the continental Antarctic &lsquo;Dry Valleys&rsquo; of Victoria Land, providing several thousand squa ...ity as the LGM approached, leaving only continental taxa, and that the sub-Antarctic taxa have not yet returned to the lakes post LGM.
  21 KB (3,069 words) - 18:14, 22 August 2014
• The Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas in the instrumental period
  ...-5.</ref>). A comprehensive field study on Antarctic krill in the Amundsen Sea has yet to be conducted. ..., Jacobs, S.S., Larter, R.D. and Gohl, K. 2007. Bathymetry of the Amundsen Sea continental shelf: Implications for geology, oceanography, and glaciology,
  11 KB (1,650 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Antarctic cryosphere
  :''This page is part of the topic [[The Antarctic environment in the global system]]'' ...meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, ''Deep-Sea Res.'', '''42''', 641-673.</ref>) and bathymetry from the General Bathymetr
  15 KB (2,479 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Antarctic marine ecosystem in the year 2100
  ...arnes and Peck, 2008">Barnes, D.K.A. and Peck, L.S. 2008. Vulnerability of Antarctic shelf biodiversity to predicted climate change, ''Climate Research'', '''37 ...und the Antarctic Peninsula and at the sea ice margin as well as along the Antarctic Convergence (Polar Front) are the main foci of ecological climate research.
  20 KB (3,055 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Antarctic Peninsula cryosphere in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[The ice sheet in the instrumental period]]'' ...tic Peninsula and their implications for ice-sheet mass balance, Arctic, ''Antarctic and Alpine Research'', '''38''', 147-152.</ref>).
  40 KB (6,031 words) - 18:17, 22 August 2014
• The Australian sector in the instrumental period
  ...oul (2007<ref name="Rintoul, 2007">Rintoul, S.R. 2007. Rapid freshening of Antarctic Bottom Water formed in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, ''Geophys. Res. Lett. ...rtney, M.S. and Donohue, K.A. 2007. A deep cyclonic gyre in the Australian-Antarctic Basin, ''Progress in Oceanography'', '''75''', 675-750.</ref>).
  14 KB (2,205 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The climate of the Antarctic and its variability
  :''This page is part of the topic [[The Antarctic environment in the global system]]'' ...osing large patches of bare (dark) ground, or where sea ice melts exposing ice free (dark) ocean, solar radiation will be absorbed rather than reflected,
  12 KB (1,933 words) - 16:38, 22 August 2014
• The East Antarctic cryosphere in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[The ice sheet in the instrumental period]]'' ...06a">Monaghan, A.J., Bromwich, D.H. and Wang, S-H. 2006a. Recent trends in Antarctic snow accumulation from Polar MM5, ''Philosophical Trans. Royal. Soc. A'', '
  5 KB (726 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Greenhouse world - from the breakup of Gondwana to 34 million years ago
  ...ne in a Changing World. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 19-27.</ref>) ...ertiary times has been found on Seymour Island and Alexander Island in the Antarctic Peninsula. This demonstrates that, despite its polar position, Antarctica h
  20 KB (3,076 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Holocene
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment history in the pre-instrumental period]]'' ...es on regional to hemispheric timescales. Second we examine changes in sea ice extent through the Holocene and how these have interacted with changing cli
  1 KB (199 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Icehouse world - the last 34 million years
  ...G.H., Lyons, W.B., Maasch, K.A., Aoki, S., and Xiao, C. 2009. State of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Climate System (SASOCS), ''Reviews of Geophysics'', '''4 ...G.H., Lyons, W.B., Maasch, K.A., Aoki, S., and Xiao, C. 2009. State of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Climate System (SASOCS), ''Reviews of Geophysics'', '''4
  27 KB (4,257 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The ice sheet in the instrumental period
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period]]'' ...he spatial pattern of ice accumulation (snowfall and frost deposition) and ice ablation (melting, wind erosion and calving).
  20 KB (3,052 words) - 16:00, 6 August 2014