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• Sea ice observations
  ...ment, the ice concentration data are not as accurate because variations in temperature and emissivity of the ice cover could not be taken into account. Second, it ...changes in the longwave atmospheric pattern may cause contrasting regional temperature and windfield patterns. Preliminary analysis of MSA concentrations in the G
  18 KB (2,972 words) - 17:53, 22 August 2014
• Sea ice over the last million years
  ...5">Gersonde, R., Crosta, X., Abelmann, A. and Armand, L. 2005. Sea-surface temperature and sea ice distribution of the Southern Ocean at the EPILOG Last Glacial M ...5">Gersonde, R., Crosta, X., Abelmann, A. and Armand, L. 2005. Sea-surface temperature and sea ice distribution of the Southern Ocean at the EPILOG Last Glacial M
  13 KB (2,050 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Small-scale processes in the Southern Ocean
  ...6<ref name="Foster and Carmack, 1976">Foster, T.D. and Carmack, E.C. 1976. Temperature and salinity structure in the Weddell Sea, ''J. Phys. Oceanogr.'', '''6''',
  18 KB (2,816 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Temperature changes in the instrumental period
  ==Surface temperature== Surface temperature trends across the Antarctic can be determined using a number of different f
  30 KB (4,676 words) - 18:04, 22 August 2014
• Temperature changes over the 21st century
  ...n temperature trend over the Twenty First Century.png|thumb|'''5.6''' Skin temperature trend over Twenty First Century in &ordm;C/decade.]] ..., D03103, doi:03110.01029/02007JD008933.</ref>) ([[:File:Figure 5.6 - Skin temperature trend over the Twenty First Century.png|Figure 5.6]]). All the CMIP3 models
  8 KB (1,217 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• Terrestrial biological responses to climate change
  ...ous species richness explained by factors including area, mean surface air temperature, and age and distance from continental land masses (Marshall and Convey, 20 ...n are evident across the Antarctic flora and are most likely a function of temperature variation. In addition, phenology (the study of periodic plant and animal l
  21 KB (3,069 words) - 18:14, 22 August 2014
• Terrestrial biology in the instrumental period
  ...n are evident across the Antarctic flora and are most likely a function of temperature variation - indeed recent increase in the frequency of successful seed prod ...DNA damage in Antarctic mosses: correlations with ultraviolet-B radiation, temperature and turf water content vary among species, Global Change Biology, 14, in pr
  32 KB (4,651 words) - 16:17, 6 August 2014
• Terrestrial biology over the next 100 years
  ...mperature stress, but rather an increase in stress at the other end of the temperature spectrum. How organisms are likely to respond to this kind of challenge has ...uably have a greater effect on vegetation and faunal dynamics than that of temperature alone (Convey, 2006<ref name="Convey, 2006">Convey, P. 2006. Antarctic clim
  22 KB (3,193 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas in the instrumental period
  ...eterson, R. 1996. An Antarctic Circumpolar Wave in surface pressure, wind, temperature, and sea ice extent, ''Nature'', '''380''', 699-702.</ref>) or the SAM (Hal ...d from the ship&rsquo;s 3.5 kHz echosounder data. Right figure depicts the temperature field in front of Pine Island Glacier with its draft shaded in gray. This s
  11 KB (1,650 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Antarctic cryosphere
  ...curs only sporadically in the South Shetland and South Orkney Islands. The temperature of permafrost is &ndash;12 to &ndash;24&deg;C in continental Antarctica but
  15 KB (2,479 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Antarctic marine ecosystem in the year 2100
  ...ea ice extent has changed little. There are first signs of increased water temperature also along the coast. Because of an assumed high sensitivity of such biolog ...t as possible, the concept is based only on coarse patterns. Air and ocean temperature are assumed to be the main climate-driven environmental parameters for the
  20 KB (3,055 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Antarctic Peninsula cryosphere in the instrumental period
  ...increased snow accumulation. One estimate of mass change due primarily to temperature-dependent increases in snowfall on the peninsula suggested a contribution t ...is, E.M. and Vaughan, D.G. 2003. Spatial and temporal variation of surface temperature on the Antarctic Peninsula and the limit of viability of ice shelves, In An
  40 KB (6,031 words) - 18:17, 22 August 2014
• The Australian sector in the instrumental period
  ...the Ross Sea and Ad&eacute;lie Land. Lower) Changes in the deep potential temperature &ndash; salinity curves along 115&deg;E, over the continental rise (61-63.3 ...([[:File:Figure 4.24 - Map of repeat section locations and deep potential temperature-salinity curves.png|Figure 4.24]]), moorings and satellite altimeter measur
  14 KB (2,205 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The climate of the Antarctic and its variability
  ...than the equivalent winds found in the Arctic, because the Equator-to-pole temperature difference is larger in the south. The pool of cold air and its strong surr ...res from northern and southern hemisphere ice cores confirms that the wind/temperature fields of today differ from those of the recent past indicating that the mo
  12 KB (1,933 words) - 16:38, 22 August 2014
• The Greenhouse world - from the breakup of Gondwana to 34 million years ago
  ...e estimates could rather be climate-related and reflect a change in either temperature or productivity independent of ocean circulation (Barker et al., 2007<ref n ...mal Maximum, ''Science'', '''308''', 1611-1615.</ref>). The future rise in temperature expected from energy use projections shows the Earth warming back into the
  20 KB (3,076 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Icehouse world - the last 34 million years
  ...mal Maximum, ''Science'', '''308''', 1611-1615.</ref>). The future rise in temperature expected from energy use projections shows the Earth warming back into the ...4&ordm;C higher than today ([[:File:Figure 3.5 - Change in average global temperature over the last 80 million years.png|Figure 3.5]] and [[:File:Figure 3.6 - Ma
  27 KB (4,257 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The impact of global climate change in polar marine environments
  ...o temperature change, ''Antarctic Sci.'', '''17''', 497-507.</ref>). Small temperature differences (just a degree or two) may have great impacts on the physiology ...lar marine fauna, the most important are ice scour, topography, substrate, temperature, currents, ice cover, oxygen, light, UVB, wind, and nutrients. Besides bein
  14 KB (2,188 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The IPCC fourth assessment report
  ...tosphere. Yet PSCs are known to be important for the radiation balance and temperature of the atmosphere between the mid/upper troposphere and the lower stratosph ...n simulations and observations are significantly correlated with projected temperature change under future scenarios (R&auml;is&auml;nen, 2007<ref name="R&auml;is
  33 KB (5,155 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The open ocean system in the instrumental period
  ...;-90&deg;W, a region characterised by rapid regional changes both in water temperature (Meredith and King, 2005<ref name="Meredith and King, 2005">Meredith, M.P. ...relation between krill density (30&deg;W to 70&deg;W) and mean sea surface temperature at South Georgia has been found for the period 1928-2003, which implies a l
  28 KB (4,437 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The physical setting of Antarctica
  ...hest, driest, windiest and coldest continent, boasting the lowest recorded temperature on Earth, -89.2&ordm;C, at Russia&rsquo;s Vostok Station ([[:File:Figure 1.
  8 KB (1,295 words) - 16:38, 6 August 2014
• The role of the Antarctic in the global climate system
  ...The atmospheric and oceanic circulations respond to this large horizontal temperature gradient by transporting heat polewards (Trenberth and Caron, 2001<ref name
  31 KB (4,808 words) - 16:51, 22 August 2014
• The Southern Ocean carbon cycle response to historical climate change
  ...regions of the SW Indian Ocean.png|thumb|'''4.57''' Annual mean trends of temperature normalized fCO₂ in 4 regions of the South-Western Indian Ocean ( ...the winter than in the summer ([[:File:Figure 4.57 - Annual mean trends of temperature normalized fCO2 for regions of the SW Indian Ocean.png|Figure 4.57]]). Thes
  36 KB (5,780 words) - 16:53, 6 August 2014
• The Southern Ocean in the instrumental period
  ...e density loss by less salt is compensated by a density gain due to colder temperature. The major fronts representing ACC branches are displayed as dynamic height ...e changes are rather similar all along the ACC ([[:File:Figure 4.23 - ARGO temperature anomalies and ACC fronts.png|Figure 4.23]]; B&ouml;ning et al., 2008<ref na
  16 KB (2,443 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The transition to Holocene interglacial conditions
  ...the exceptional character of this last termination: neither the Antarctic temperature proxies nor the methane records capture such abrupt changes during the earl ...ref>); and finally, in light blue, EDC &delta;D (&permil;), a proxy of EDC temperature (Jouzel et al., 2007<ref name="Jouzel et al, 2007">Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmo
  32 KB (4,956 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• The Weddell Sea sector in the instrumental period
  ...>Robertson, R., Visbeck, M., Gordon, A.L. and Fahrbach, E. 2002. Long-term temperature trends in the Deep Waters of the Weddell Sea, ''Deep-Sea Research II'', '''
  15 KB (2,389 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014
• Understanding the seasonality of Antarctic benthic shelf communities
  ...sequence of reduced food availability, despite the fact that the sea water temperature remained practically constant all year round.
  9 KB (1,434 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014