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• Concluding remarks on the pre-instrumental period
  ...ial changes in greenhouse gas concentrations and their lags with Antarctic temperature is still a challenge for modellers (K&ouml;hler et al., 2005<ref name="K&ou
  7 KB (1,082 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Coupled atmosphere-ocean models
  ...of GCMs is important in the global energy and water balance. Land surface temperature and soil moisture content are two basic variables in the energy and water e ...onent because it is a slowly varying component. Observed present-day ocean temperature and salinity are usually used to initialize the ocean component. Another sl
  13 KB (2,051 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Glacial interglacial cycles
  ...Lambeck, K., Balbon, E. and Labracherie, M. 2002. Sea level and deep water temperature changes derived from bentic foraminifera isotopic records, ''Quat. Sci. Rev ...positive feedback that involves the mid-latitude westerly winds, the mean temperature of the atmosphere, and the overturning of southern deep water. Cold glacial
  35 KB (5,415 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Holocene climate change in the Antarctic Peninsula (AP)
  ...merous well-dated biological proxy records in lakes and other sites show a temperature-related decline in production at about this time (Bj&ouml;rck et al., 1991b ...ed in a monitoring study of lakes in Signy Island where an increase in air temperature resulted in a significant increase in the amount of ice-free days and 4-fol
  32 KB (5,127 words) - 17:41, 22 August 2014
• Holocene climate change in the Ross Sea region (RS)
  ...5">Gersonde, R., Crosta, X., Abelmann, A. and Armand, L. 2005. Sea-surface temperature and sea ice distribution of the Southern Ocean at the EPILOG Last Glacial M
  17 KB (2,705 words) - 17:43, 22 August 2014
• Holocene climate changes
  ...ch'', '''102''', 26455-26470.</ref>); Siple Dome ;¹⁸O proxy for temperature (Mayewski et al., 2004a<ref name="Mayewski et al, 2004a">Mayewski, P.A., Ro ...ng the phasing and the magnitude of changes in atmospheric circulation and temperature between Northern and Southern Hemisphere polar latitudes. These conclusions
  39 KB (5,945 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Ice sheet models
  ...quently, models have been modified to include calculation of englacial ice temperature, inclusion of ice-shelf flow, and deformation of subglacial sediments. A re ...uced, which leads to basal lubrication and higher ice flow rates, when the temperature reaches the pressure melting point. This happens first in the deeper channe
  33 KB (5,053 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Impacts of instrumental period climate change on invertebrates
  ...warming on wild animals and plants, ''Nature'', '''421''', 57-60.</ref>). Temperature means and variability associated with the climate regime can be interpreted ...''Biol. Rev.'', '''81''', 75-109.</ref>). Climate-induced changes in mean temperature and its variability should influence the survival of such organisms. That b
  25 KB (3,817 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Impacts of instrumental period climate change on macroalgae
  ...ture adaptation of Antarctic macroalgae.png|thumb|'''4.53''' Physiological temperature adaptation of Antarctic macroalgae (after Wiencke and Clayton, 2002<ref nam ...erate species (especially from the intertidal) are characterised by higher temperature requirements (Wiencke and tom Dieck, 1990).
  11 KB (1,587 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• In-situ ocean observations
  ...includes sensors for conductivity (from which salinity can be derived) and temperature plus a pressure sensor. Other sensors, including those used to measure diss ...ing measurements of the ocean such as thermosalinographs (that measure the temperature and salinity of the water a couple of metres below the surface) or hull-mou
  17 KB (2,672 words) - 15:50, 6 August 2014
• Key points - 2009 version
  ...he Antarctic and lower latitudes. This promoted adaptive evolution to cold temperature and extreme seasonality to develop in isolation, and led to the current Ant ...m; C in glacial periods to 280 ppm and 15&ordm; C in interglacial periods. Temperature differences between glacial and interglacial periods in Antarctica averaged
  48 KB (7,673 words) - 18:27, 22 August 2014
• Key points - 2013 version
  ...anges in global atmospheric CO₂ and methane, which enhanced the temperature rises by positive feedback. The climates of the two hemispheres were physic ...cles over the last 800,000 years, show that CO₂ and mean global temperature values ranged globally from 180 ppm and 10&ordm;C in glacial periods to 280
  142 KB (22,142 words) - 16:25, 6 August 2014
• Marine and terrestrial pollution
  ...nges of water temperature close to the freezing point. Slight increases in temperature may have disproportionate influence on the properties of cell membranes and ...tinental Antarctica there is as yet no significant trend in meteorological temperature, a loss of ice shelves such as that in the Antarctic Peninsula (six ice she
  38 KB (5,770 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biological responses to climate change
  ...e slow growth of filter feeders, encouraged among other factors by the low temperature, can explain why rather few species might have been historically outcompete ...encke, C., Bartsch, I., Bischoff, B., Peters, A.F. and Breeman, A.M. 1994. Temperature requirements and biogeography of Antarctic, Arctic and amphiequatorial seaw
  54 KB (8,173 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biology over the next 100 years
  Just north of the Antarctic Polar Front, the surface water temperature rises abruptly by about 3&deg;C. The Front acts as a barrier for Gene flow
  9 KB (1,386 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biota of the Antarctic
  ==Species-specific adaptation to low temperature== ...tolerance. Thus the physiological processes evident in response to varying temperature, at least in acute to medium-term experiments, are a progressive reduction
  43 KB (6,450 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Meteorological and ozone observing in the Antarctic
  ...polar plateau brings additional problems, with the combination of very low temperature and high altitude. ...eters compared to the staffed stations, usually just atmospheric pressure, temperature and wind, although some may measure humidity, along with snow depth, which
  59 KB (9,046 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Near-shore marine disturbances over the next 100 years
  ...res are not expected; models suggest a 0.5&ordm; to 1.0&ordm;C rise in the temperature of Southern Ocean surface waters in summer over the next 100 years, possibl ...lso debate about the extent to which such short-term experiments and rapid temperature rises reflect true vulnerability to chronic regional warming, although cert
  54 KB (8,443 words) - 17:49, 22 August 2014
• Observations of Antarctic permafrost
  The permafrost thermal regime is monitored by recording the temperature at different depths within boreholes. Traditionally, active layer measureme To monitor the depth of the 0&deg;C isotherm, the temperature of the active layer is recorded at different depths, at least during the su
  23 KB (3,347 words) - 19:33, 22 August 2014
• Observations of marine biology
  ...ecologically relevant physical parameters, such as ice cover, sea surface temperature, and iceberg production. ADCP&rsquo;s and plankton-video-recorders provide ...nt picture of the molecular changes involved in evolutionary adaptation to temperature is emerging, much remains unknown as yet. Relatively few cold-adapted enzym
  23 KB (3,516 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014