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• Ice sheet models
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic]]'' ...tion of subglacial sediments. A recent overview of the status of Antarctic models is provided by Huybrechts (2004<ref name="Huybrechts, 2004">Huybrechts, P.
  33 KB (5,053 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Impacts of instrumental period climate change on invertebrates
  ...thermal ectotherms. In: Davison W, Williams CW (Eds) Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for a Wider Understanding, Caxton Press, Christchurch, New Zealand, 109-122 ...al growth rates of Antractic krill (''Euphausia superba''): II: Predictive models based on food, temperature, body length, sex, and maturity stage, ''Limnolo
  25 KB (3,817 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Key points - 2009 version
  ...s their consequences for the biosphere, and shows how the latest numerical models project changes into the future, taking into account human interference in ..., which is sensitive to changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions. The models can be weighted according to their skill in simulating modern conditions.</
  48 KB (7,673 words) - 18:27, 22 August 2014
• Key points - 2013 version
  ...DRILLing (ANDRILL) project geological records, a feature also simulated by models (Pollard and DeConto, 2009<ref name="Pollard and DeConto, 2009">Pollard, D. ...) points to significant loss of Greenland and Antarctic ice. While climate models are able to capture the patterns of the orbital-driven warming of the Arcti
  142 KB (22,142 words) - 16:25, 6 August 2014
• Long term sea level change in the instrumental period
  ...pointed out by Milne (2009<ref name="Milne, 2009">Milne, G.A. 2009. Using models to inform the field community: Far-field sea level data applications, PAGES
  8 KB (1,342 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine and terrestrial pollution
  ...es. In: Davison W, Howard-Williams C, Broady P (eds) Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for Wider Ecological Understanding. Caxton Press, Christchurch, 315-318.</r ...overall transport of POPs to remote regions is accelerated with respect to models treating air and water separately (Beyer and Matthies, 2001<ref name="Beyer
  38 KB (5,770 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine picoplankton response to climate change
  ...fferent scenarios both experimentally and computationally to inform future models and enhance our understanding of Southern Ocean microbial ecology.
  2 KB (305 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Meteorological and ozone observing in the Antarctic
  ...egions, and hence the forecasts made by Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models. Today, regions such as the Southern Ocean, previously a data void, are fil ...s, ''Ann. Glaciol'', '''20''', 242-248.</ref>). Satellites and atmospheric models provide some information about snow accumulation away from traverse routes,
  59 KB (9,046 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Modelling of the ACC and polar gyres
  ...els throw up contradictions that cannot be solved until new generations of models or observations become available. ...including both general circulation models (GCM) and simplified theoretical models, have been carried out in an effort to improve our understanding of the bas
  8 KB (1,343 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic
  ...iological studies. In this section we examine some of the major classes of models used in Antarctic studies. #[[Coupled atmosphere-ocean models]]
  2 KB (322 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Near-shore marine disturbances over the next 100 years
  ...rror. Nevertheless, as shown above, extreme temperatures are not expected; models suggest a 0.5&ordm; to 1.0&ordm;C rise in the temperature of Southern Ocean ...do suggest the fauna is highly sensitive to acute warming. Current climate models suggest that acute warming is unlikely, as are average rises of more than 1
  54 KB (8,443 words) - 17:49, 22 August 2014
• Observations, data accuracy and tools
  In this chapter we consider the various types of data and models that are available to investigate climatic and environmental change in the Mathematical models have been utilized increasingly in Antarctic research. Initially their appl
  2 KB (307 words) - 16:44, 6 August 2014
• Ocean change over the next 100 years
  ...age appears to be another important driving factor of the ACC transport in models. The errors in the simulation of this density gradient, partly due to probl ...s. The gyre strengths and structures show a great range across the various models. The link between the gyre strengths and wind stress curls is weak, indicat
  33 KB (5,321 words) - 15:57, 22 August 2014
• Ocean models of the Southern Ocean
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic]]'' ...omise between cost and physical realism. This is especially true for ocean models because the computational cost is always high, and can be hundreds of times
  37 KB (5,859 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Pathways of research in cold-adapted organisms and climate change
  ...ty analyses and models, as well as mechanistic studies and mechanism-based models. This approach demands an intensive coordination, not only of ongoing, but ...d to predict transport of propagules into (and out of) the Antarctic. Such models can also be used to elucidate advective processes in the Southern Ocean and
  25 KB (3,663 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Precipitation changes over the 21st century
  ...Ann. Glaciol.'', '''39''', 271-275.</ref>) and are not included in climate models. Giovinetto et al (1997<ref name="Giovinetto et al, 1997">Giovinetto, M.B., ...7, doi:10.1029/2006JD007482.</ref>) found that only 5 of 15 global climate models examined were able to simulate long term average values of net precipitatio
  18 KB (2,723 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Recommendations
  ...to realistically represent many high latitude processes and their effects. Models must take into account in far greater detail than at present the complex or ...cts. In addition, the models need to be interactively coupled to ice shelf models so that the impact of changes in ocean circulation and water mass delivery
  14 KB (2,069 words) - 16:14, 22 August 2014
• Regional climate models
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic]]'' ...e large amount of computer time needed by the complex atmosphere and ocean models, but also due to a lack of observations and knowledge of the cryospheric co
  5 KB (833 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Satellite observations of the Southern Ocean
  ...tudes is as data to be assimilated into numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. For example, Andrews and Bell (1998<ref name="Andrews and Bell, 1998">Andr
  20 KB (3,084 words) - 15:57, 6 August 2014
• Sea ice biological and physical modeling
  :''This page is part of the topic [[Models of the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic]]'' ...rce (Liebig&rsquo;s law). The difference between empirical and mechanistic models resides in the use of self-adapting variables by the latter to predict futu
  18 KB (2,786 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014