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• Holocene climate change in East Antarctica (EA)
  ...Hultzsch, N., Melles, M. and Gore, D.B. 2007. Indications of Holocene sea-level rise in Beaver Lake, East Antarctica, Cambridge Journals Online, 125-128.</ ...93<ref name="Goodwin, 1993">Goodwin, I.D. 1993. Holocene deglaciation, sea-level change, and the emergence of the Windmill Islands, Budd Coast, Antarctica,
  38 KB (5,787 words) - 17:39, 22 August 2014
• Holocene climate change in the Antarctic Peninsula (AP)
  ...of Antarctic Ice at the Last Glacial Maximum, and its impact on global sea level change, ''Quaternary Science Reviews'', '''18''', 1569-1595.</ref>; Ing&oac ...entley, M.J., Hodgson, D.A., Smith, J.A. and Cox, N.J. 2005a. Relative sea level curves for the South Shetland Islands and Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsu
  32 KB (5,127 words) - 17:41, 22 August 2014
• Holocene climate change in the Ross Sea region (RS)
  ....png|thumb|'''3.28''' Selected Holocene environmental changes &ndash; Ross Sea]] ...432.</ref>); the evaporation of Lake Washburn started during the LGM. Lake level lowering was discontinuous, with a series of high and low stands (Wagner et
  17 KB (2,705 words) - 17:43, 22 August 2014
• Holocene climate changes
  ...ce Sheets, ed. G. Denton and T. Hughes, 67-178.</ref>) and retreat of Ross Sea Ice Sheet (Conway et al., 1999<ref name="Conway et al, 1999">Conway, H., Ha ...wing location of GISP2, Siple Dome, Icelandic Low, Siberian High, Amundsen Sea Low, Intertropical Convergence Zone, and westerlies in both hemispheres.]]
  39 KB (5,945 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Ice sheet models
  ...West Antarctic Ice Sheet may be on the verge of contributing to future sea level rise, and have reinvigorated the long-standing debate about the stability o ...ice sheet models cannot be used with confidence for assessing expected sea level change until they demonstrate realistic forcing yielding realistic rates of
  33 KB (5,053 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Impacts of instrumental period climate change on invertebrates
  ...ns in the Ocean-Ocean Processes and Marine Population Dynamics. California Sea Grant College System, La Jolla.</ref>; Finney et al., 2002<ref name="Finney ...relevance of oxygen limited heat tolerance through its effect at ecosystem level (P&ouml;rtner and Knust, 2007<ref name="P&ouml;rtner and Knust, 2007">P&oum
  25 KB (3,817 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• In-situ ocean observations
  ...r, conducting research in the Southern Ocean can be extremely challenging. Sea ice, high winds, rough seas, poor visibility, sub-zero temperatures, 24 hou ...er to examine its properties or by catching and examining animals from the sea has been carried out to some extent since humans first took to the oceans.
  17 KB (2,672 words) - 15:50, 6 August 2014
• Key points - 2009 version
  ...nt will increase by several degrees and there will be about one third less sea ice.</li> ...pre-industrial values, CO₂ values may have reached 400 ppm, and sea levels were 15-25 m above today&rsquo;s.</li>
  48 KB (7,673 words) - 18:27, 22 August 2014
• Key points - 2013 version
  ...ures across the continent are projected to increase by several degrees and sea ice will be reduced by about one third.</li> ...re-industrial values, CO₂ values may have reached ~400 ppm, and sea levels were 15-25 m above today&rsquo;s. There is evidence for Pliocene WAI
  142 KB (22,142 words) - 16:25, 6 August 2014
• Long term sea level change in the instrumental period
  .../ref>). However, it should be noted that the Antarctic contribution to sea level now is small compared to what it was following the LGM Transition and throu ...L. and Unnikrishnan, A. 2007. Observations: oceanic climate change and sea level. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Workin
  8 KB (1,342 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biological responses to climate change
  ...ern Ocean shallow water marine fauna is to what degree fluctuations in sea level, and the extent of the continental ice-sheet, have driven changes in the de ...ile suspension feeders with archaic features in the high-Antarctic, ''Deep-Sea Res. II'', '''53''', 1029-1052.</ref>) and reminds regionally due to its 3-
  54 KB (8,173 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biota of the Antarctic
  ...to 1,000 m. More than 95% of the shelf is at depths outside the reaches of sea ice keels scouring the seafloor, wave action, scuba divers and sunlight or ...insights into the biodiversity and biogeography of the Southern Ocean deep sea, ''Nature'', '''447'''(7142), 307-311.</ref>), reveal tens to hundreds of p
  43 KB (6,450 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Meteorological and ozone observing in the Antarctic
  ...s are much milder than the interior due to the moderating influence of the sea and, at the more local scale, the surrounding rock. Automatic stations are ...dy because of the frequent passage of depressions and the influence of the sea. The further a station is inland, the less cloudy it becomes. Signy has an
  59 KB (9,046 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Near-shore marine disturbances over the next 100 years
  ...marginal ice shelves year round, and seasonally on the shelf below winter sea ice. Both in the shallows (Smale et al., 2007<ref name="Smale et al, 2007"> ...over the next 100 years, possibly increasing to 1.5&ordm;C in the Amundsen Sea, while winter SSTs remain within 0.5&ordm;C of where they are now, except l
  54 KB (8,443 words) - 17:49, 22 August 2014
• Observations, data accuracy and tools
  ...their applications were in the more physical areas of climate, ice sheet, sea ice and ocean modelling. However, they are now starting to be employed in b #[[Sea ice observations]]
  2 KB (307 words) - 16:44, 6 August 2014
• Observations for studies of environmental change in the Antarctic
  ...ere (known as &lsquo;geospace&rsquo;), coastal sea ice conditions, and sea level. These observations have produced instrumental records that are in many cas
  5 KB (752 words) - 15:09, 22 August 2014
• Observations of Antarctic permafrost
  ..., it ranges from 15 to 180 m in thickness depending on elevation above sea level (Borzotta and Trombotto, 2003<ref name="Borzotta and Trombotto, 2003">Borzo
  23 KB (3,347 words) - 19:33, 22 August 2014
• Observations of marine biology
  ...Living Resources), but also to monitor the impact of climate change at any level of ecosystem organisation. ...increased supplies of planktonic phytodetritus as a source of food for the sea-floor.
  23 KB (3,516 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Observations of the ice sheet
  ...new data from the SIRAL instrument specifically designed for ice sheet and sea ice observations. ...he Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and shelves and contributions to sea-level rise: 1992-2002, ''Journal of Glaciology'', '''51'''(175), 509-527.</ref>).
  52 KB (8,045 words) - 15:43, 22 August 2014
• Ocean models of the Southern Ocean
  ...surface and near surface layers. Detailed studies of density currents, the sea ice field and other key regions provide further local checks on model perfo ...="Coward and Cuevas, 2005">Coward, A. and De Cuevas, B. 2005. The OCCAM 66 level model: model description, physics, initial conditions and external forcing,
  37 KB (5,859 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014