View source for File:Figure 4.55 - The annual cycle atmosphere-ocean CO2 transport in the Southern Ocean.png

The annual cycle of epCO2 (pCO2ocean-pCO2atm; i.e. negative/positive = atmospheric CO2 sink) in the Southern Ocean for the regions 40&deg;-50&deg;S (black line) and 50&deg;-62&deg;S (dashed line; Takahashi et al., 2009<ref name="Takahashi et al, 2009">Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S.C., Wanninkhof, R., Sweeney, C., Feely, R.A., Chipman, D.W., Hales, B., Friederich, G., Chavez, F., Sabine, C., Watson, W., Bakker, D.C.E., Schuster, U., Metzl, N., Yoshikawa-Inoue, H., Masao Ishii, M., Midorikawa, T., Nojiri, Y., Kortzinger, A., Steinhoff, T., Hoppema, M., Olafsson, J., Thorarinn, S.., Arnarson, T.S., Tilbrook, B., Johannessen, T., Olsen, A., Bellerby, R., Wong, C.S., Delille, B., Bates, N.R. and De Baar, H.J.W. 2009. Climatological mean surface PCO2 and net CO2 flux over the global oceans, Deep Sea Research, doi:10.1016/dsr2.2008.12.009.</ref>). The Sub-Antarctic zone (40&deg;-50&deg;S) acts a permanent CO2 sink but at higher latitudes the ocean acts as an atmospheric sink during summer and a source during winter (Metzl et al., 2006<ref name="Metzl et al, 2006">Metzl, N., Brunet, C., Jabaud-Jan, A., Poisson, A. and Schauer, B. 2006. Summer and Winter Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes in the Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Research II, 53.</ref>).
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