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• Temperature changes in the instrumental period
  ==Surface temperature== Surface temperature trends across the Antarctic can be determined using a number of different f
  30 KB (4,676 words) - 18:04, 22 August 2014
• Temperature changes over the 21st century
  ...n temperature trend over the Twenty First Century.png|thumb|'''5.6''' Skin temperature trend over Twenty First Century in &ordm;C/decade.]] ..., D03103, doi:03110.01029/02007JD008933.</ref>) ([[:File:Figure 5.6 - Skin temperature trend over the Twenty First Century.png|Figure 5.6]]). All the CMIP3 models
  8 KB (1,217 words) - 15:34, 6 August 2014

Page text matches

• 21st century evolution of Antarctic permafrost
  ...temperature was 1.5&ordm;C, and there were 43 days in which the mean daily temperature exceeded 0&ordm;C. This protracted warming event resulted in flooding of ri
  3 KB (468 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Antarctic and Southern Ocean sea level projections
  ...nce that at peak past interglacial global warmings of 2-3&ordm;C above the temperature in 1900 led to rises of sea level of 4-6 m (e.g. see IPCC, 2007<ref name="I
  16 KB (2,491 words) - 13:16, 22 August 2014
• Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period
  #[[Temperature changes in the instrumental period]]
  3 KB (501 words) - 16:48, 6 August 2014
• Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years
  ...the projections from the various models to derive various estimates of how temperature may change over land and ocean. Gauging how Antarctic terrestrial and marine biota might respond to rising temperature is also a major challenge, as is gauging the response of ocean biota to oce
  5 KB (788 words) - 16:49, 6 August 2014
• Antarctic climate and environment history in the pre-instrumental period
  ...rovide information from oxygen isotopes in plankton shells about the water temperature, and information from carbon isotopes about the water flux. This can be lin ...e ice provide valuable archives of change in past atmospheric composition, temperature, precipitation, major trace chemistry and other environmental parameters su
  17 KB (2,554 words) - 16:45, 6 August 2014
• Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment
  ##[[Temperature changes in the instrumental period]]
  4 KB (504 words) - 17:51, 21 August 2014
• Antarctic deglaciation and its impact on global sea level
  ...cess continues today and is set to accelerate under predicted increases in temperature. However, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change noted conti
  21 KB (3,294 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Antarctic sea ice cover in the instrumental period
  ..., making it impossible to correct for spatial variations in emissivity and temperature. Qualitative analysis can be done: for example, a four-year average of the
  22 KB (3,536 words) - 13:25, 22 August 2014
• Atmospheric change over the next 100 years
  #[[Temperature changes over the 21st century]]
  410 B (55 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Atmospheric chemistry changes over the 21st century
  ...., Ohmura, A., Zubov, V. and Schmutz, W. 2005. Assessment of the ozone and temperature variability during 1979-1993 with the chemistry-climate model SOCOL, ''Adv. ...ber of natural and anthropogenic factors in addition to reactive halogens: temperature, transport, volcanoes, solar activity, hydrogen oxides, and nitrogen oxides
  27 KB (4,305 words) - 16:22, 6 August 2014
• Atmospheric chemistry in the instrumental period
  ...der than in the 1960s and 1970s, with the exception of 2002. The change in temperature is a maximum in November, later than the maximum change in ozone, because t ...ile:Figure 4.17 - Halley October mean total ozone and November mean 100hPa temperature by year.png|Figure 4.17]]), in November reaching a difference of up to 15&d
  43 KB (6,788 words) - 17:07, 22 August 2014
• Atmospheric circulation changes in the instrumental period
  ...J.C. 2004. Recent climate variability in Antarctica from satellite-derived temperature data, ''J. Climate'', '''17''', 1569-1583.</ref>; Marshall, 2007<ref name=" ...ermohaline circulation and may explain recent patterns of observed oceanic temperature change in the Southern Ocean described by Gille (2002<ref name="Gille, 2002
  54 KB (8,177 words) - 13:38, 22 August 2014
• Atmospheric circulation changes over the 21st century
  ...eterson, R. 1996. An Antarctic Circumpolar Wave in surface pressure, wind, temperature, and sea ice extent, ''Nature'', '''380''', 699-702.</ref>), a postulated p ...f>). Atmosphere-ocean interaction leads to inaccuracies in the sea surface temperature and in the structure of the thermocline (Cai et al., 2003<ref name="Cai et
  29 KB (4,462 words) - 17:11, 22 August 2014
• Biological modelling and bioregionalization
  ...Primary regionalisation of the Southern Ocean based on depth, sea surface temperature, silicate, and nitrate concentrations (white areas represent cells with mis ...ampled using satellite data (e.g. in the case of ice cover and sea surface temperature), or demand high effort field studies (e.g. in the case of krill or fish st
  8 KB (1,225 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Biological response of birds and mammals
  ...n extreme climatic events. In most of them, rather than a direct impact of temperature or weather (precipitation, snowfall, or sea ice coverage) on individuals, t ...tions are correlated with changes in ocean climate, especially sea surface temperature (Trathan et al., 2006<ref name="Trathan et al, 2006">Trathan, P.N., Murphy,
  16 KB (2,488 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Biological responses to 21st climate climate change
  ...ts for survival in the Southern Ocean: vulnerability of benthic species to temperature change, ''Antarctic Sci.'', '''17''', 497-507.</ref>) suggests that long-te ...sy to predict precisely what the effect of a change in one parameter, like temperature, may be, given the immense complexity of ecological systems and biological
  4 KB (557 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Changes in Antarctic permafrost over the past 50 years
  ...ors of climate because they integrate different climatic factors (i.e. air temperature, seasonal snow cover, wind), which interact with each other and with the gr ...s of 30cm and 360cm at Boulder Clay since 1996.png|Figure 4.43]] shows the temperature recorded near the permafrost table (at a depth of 30 cm) and at the end of
  6 KB (847 words) - 16:11, 6 August 2014
• Changes in Antarctic snowfall over the past 50 years
  ...04">Van Den Broeke, M.R. and Van Lipzig, N.P.M. 2004. Changes in Antarctic temperature, wind and precipitation in response to the Antarctic Oscillation, ''Ann. Gl
  20 KB (3,125 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Changes in sea ice extent through the Holocene
  ...hern Ocean can be explained by the combination of a 1-2 month lag of ocean temperature to local insolation, and the long memory of the Southern Ocean system - whi
  24 KB (3,785 words) - 17:17, 22 August 2014
• Changes to the Terrestrial cryosphere over the next 100 years
  ...o single external driver, nor single aspect of climate change (atmospheric temperature, snowfall rate, or ocean conditions) will dominate in all areas. Rather the ...ic Ice Sheet during periods prior to one million years ago in which global temperature was ~3&ordm; warmer than pre-industrial levels. The data also demonstrate t
  26 KB (4,124 words) - 14:04, 22 August 2014
• Concluding remarks on the pre-instrumental period
  ...ial changes in greenhouse gas concentrations and their lags with Antarctic temperature is still a challenge for modellers (K&ouml;hler et al., 2005<ref name="K&ou
  7 KB (1,082 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Coupled atmosphere-ocean models
  ...of GCMs is important in the global energy and water balance. Land surface temperature and soil moisture content are two basic variables in the energy and water e ...onent because it is a slowly varying component. Observed present-day ocean temperature and salinity are usually used to initialize the ocean component. Another sl
  13 KB (2,051 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Glacial interglacial cycles
  ...Lambeck, K., Balbon, E. and Labracherie, M. 2002. Sea level and deep water temperature changes derived from bentic foraminifera isotopic records, ''Quat. Sci. Rev ...positive feedback that involves the mid-latitude westerly winds, the mean temperature of the atmosphere, and the overturning of southern deep water. Cold glacial
  35 KB (5,415 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Holocene climate change in the Antarctic Peninsula (AP)
  ...merous well-dated biological proxy records in lakes and other sites show a temperature-related decline in production at about this time (Bj&ouml;rck et al., 1991b ...ed in a monitoring study of lakes in Signy Island where an increase in air temperature resulted in a significant increase in the amount of ice-free days and 4-fol
  32 KB (5,127 words) - 17:41, 22 August 2014
• Holocene climate change in the Ross Sea region (RS)
  ...5">Gersonde, R., Crosta, X., Abelmann, A. and Armand, L. 2005. Sea-surface temperature and sea ice distribution of the Southern Ocean at the EPILOG Last Glacial M
  17 KB (2,705 words) - 17:43, 22 August 2014
• Holocene climate changes
  ...ch'', '''102''', 26455-26470.</ref>); Siple Dome ;¹⁸O proxy for temperature (Mayewski et al., 2004a<ref name="Mayewski et al, 2004a">Mayewski, P.A., Ro ...ng the phasing and the magnitude of changes in atmospheric circulation and temperature between Northern and Southern Hemisphere polar latitudes. These conclusions
  39 KB (5,945 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Ice sheet models
  ...quently, models have been modified to include calculation of englacial ice temperature, inclusion of ice-shelf flow, and deformation of subglacial sediments. A re ...uced, which leads to basal lubrication and higher ice flow rates, when the temperature reaches the pressure melting point. This happens first in the deeper channe
  33 KB (5,053 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Impacts of instrumental period climate change on invertebrates
  ...warming on wild animals and plants, ''Nature'', '''421''', 57-60.</ref>). Temperature means and variability associated with the climate regime can be interpreted ...''Biol. Rev.'', '''81''', 75-109.</ref>). Climate-induced changes in mean temperature and its variability should influence the survival of such organisms. That b
  25 KB (3,817 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Impacts of instrumental period climate change on macroalgae
  ...ture adaptation of Antarctic macroalgae.png|thumb|'''4.53''' Physiological temperature adaptation of Antarctic macroalgae (after Wiencke and Clayton, 2002<ref nam ...erate species (especially from the intertidal) are characterised by higher temperature requirements (Wiencke and tom Dieck, 1990).
  11 KB (1,587 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• In-situ ocean observations
  ...includes sensors for conductivity (from which salinity can be derived) and temperature plus a pressure sensor. Other sensors, including those used to measure diss ...ing measurements of the ocean such as thermosalinographs (that measure the temperature and salinity of the water a couple of metres below the surface) or hull-mou
  17 KB (2,672 words) - 15:50, 6 August 2014
• Key points - 2009 version
  ...he Antarctic and lower latitudes. This promoted adaptive evolution to cold temperature and extreme seasonality to develop in isolation, and led to the current Ant ...m; C in glacial periods to 280 ppm and 15&ordm; C in interglacial periods. Temperature differences between glacial and interglacial periods in Antarctica averaged
  48 KB (7,673 words) - 18:27, 22 August 2014
• Key points - 2013 version
  ...anges in global atmospheric CO₂ and methane, which enhanced the temperature rises by positive feedback. The climates of the two hemispheres were physic ...cles over the last 800,000 years, show that CO₂ and mean global temperature values ranged globally from 180 ppm and 10&ordm;C in glacial periods to 280
  142 KB (22,142 words) - 16:25, 6 August 2014
• Marine and terrestrial pollution
  ...nges of water temperature close to the freezing point. Slight increases in temperature may have disproportionate influence on the properties of cell membranes and ...tinental Antarctica there is as yet no significant trend in meteorological temperature, a loss of ice shelves such as that in the Antarctic Peninsula (six ice she
  38 KB (5,770 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biological responses to climate change
  ...e slow growth of filter feeders, encouraged among other factors by the low temperature, can explain why rather few species might have been historically outcompete ...encke, C., Bartsch, I., Bischoff, B., Peters, A.F. and Breeman, A.M. 1994. Temperature requirements and biogeography of Antarctic, Arctic and amphiequatorial seaw
  54 KB (8,173 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biology over the next 100 years
  Just north of the Antarctic Polar Front, the surface water temperature rises abruptly by about 3&deg;C. The Front acts as a barrier for Gene flow
  9 KB (1,386 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biota of the Antarctic
  ==Species-specific adaptation to low temperature== ...tolerance. Thus the physiological processes evident in response to varying temperature, at least in acute to medium-term experiments, are a progressive reduction
  43 KB (6,450 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Meteorological and ozone observing in the Antarctic
  ...polar plateau brings additional problems, with the combination of very low temperature and high altitude. ...eters compared to the staffed stations, usually just atmospheric pressure, temperature and wind, although some may measure humidity, along with snow depth, which
  59 KB (9,046 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Near-shore marine disturbances over the next 100 years
  ...res are not expected; models suggest a 0.5&ordm; to 1.0&ordm;C rise in the temperature of Southern Ocean surface waters in summer over the next 100 years, possibl ...lso debate about the extent to which such short-term experiments and rapid temperature rises reflect true vulnerability to chronic regional warming, although cert
  54 KB (8,443 words) - 17:49, 22 August 2014
• Observations of Antarctic permafrost
  The permafrost thermal regime is monitored by recording the temperature at different depths within boreholes. Traditionally, active layer measureme To monitor the depth of the 0&deg;C isotherm, the temperature of the active layer is recorded at different depths, at least during the su
  23 KB (3,347 words) - 19:33, 22 August 2014
• Observations of marine biology
  ...ecologically relevant physical parameters, such as ice cover, sea surface temperature, and iceberg production. ADCP&rsquo;s and plankton-video-recorders provide ...nt picture of the molecular changes involved in evolutionary adaptation to temperature is emerging, much remains unknown as yet. Relatively few cold-adapted enzym
  23 KB (3,516 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Observations of the ice sheet
  ...ref name="Nicholls and Jenkins, 1993">Nicholls, K.W. and Jenkins, A. 1993, Temperature and salinity beneath Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 22,
  52 KB (8,045 words) - 15:43, 22 August 2014
• Ocean change over the next 100 years
  ...1-2000.png|thumb|'''5.14''' The zonal mean difference between observed (a) temperature (&deg;C) and (b) salinity (psu) and the average of 19 CGCMS simulations for ...[[:File:Figure 5.14 - Zonal mean difference between observed and simulated temperature and salinity, 1981-2000.png|Figure 5.14]]), the zonal mean differences are
  33 KB (5,321 words) - 15:57, 22 August 2014
• Ocean models of the Southern Ocean
  ...gions where internal waves are active this can produce an apparently noisy temperature field in the surface layers, which, if left uncorrected, affects the sea ic ...Modelling'', '''16''', 1-16.</ref>), in handling the non-linear effect of temperature on compressibility (so really a unique constant potential density surface d
  37 KB (5,859 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Pathways of research in cold-adapted organisms and climate change
  ...b by altering regional and local current patterns. Although changes in sea temperature are as yet small, increased warming may cause sub-lethal effects on physiol ...are more extreme and constant than those of the Arctic, where the range of temperature variation is wider, thus facilitating migration and redistribution of the f
  25 KB (3,663 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Prospects for marine invasions by non-indigenous species
  ...s, ''Functional Ecology'', '''18''', 625-630.</ref>). Conversely, rises in temperature might significantly raise the survival chances and competitiveness of tempe ...ation and dynamics of the Antarctic Polar Front from satellite sea surface temperature data, ''Journal of Geophysical Research'', '''104''', 3059-3073.</ref>). It
  13 KB (2,063 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Recommendations
  * More observations of temperature, salinity, biochemical properties, such as oxygen and flow in the Southern
  14 KB (2,069 words) - 16:14, 22 August 2014
• Regional patterns of holocene climate change in Antarctica
  ...l climate anomalies and to determine the significance of the heterogeneous temperature trends being measured in Antarctica today. There is no geological evidence
  10 KB (1,543 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Ross Sea shelf waters in the instrumental period
  &lsquo;Shelf waters&rsquo; include a variety of low-temperature, ice-modified, high- and low-salinity water masses found below the ocean su ...elting under the Ross Ice Shelf: Estimates from evolving CFC, salinity and temperature fields in the Ross Sea, ''Deep-Sea Res. I'', '''52''', 959-978.</ref>).
  8 KB (1,297 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014
• Satellite observations of the Southern Ocean
  ...ltimeters, scatterometers, infra-red and microwave sensors for sea-surface temperature and ice extent and visible-wavelength radiometers for ocean colour. Ensurin ==Sea Surface Temperature==
  20 KB (3,084 words) - 15:57, 6 August 2014
• Sea ice biological and physical modeling
  ...ain relatively high growth rates under extreme conditions of low light and temperature when compared to water column species. This apparent dominance of few speci ...ising from such an approach is that microalgal growth limitation by light, temperature or salinity, affects only the rate of carbon incorporation in biomass, with
  18 KB (2,786 words) - 15:33, 6 August 2014