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• Antarctic and Southern Ocean sea level projections
  The two major reasons for sea-level rise are expansion of ocean waters as they warm (and an associated decrease ...e for the Twenty First Century. The projected range of global averaged sea-level rise from the IPCC 2001 Assessment Report for the period 1990 to 2100 is sh
  16 KB (2,491 words) - 12:16, 22 August 2014
• Antarctic deglaciation and its impact on global sea level
  ...LGM (Huybrechts, 2002<ref name="Huybrechts, 2002">Huybrechts, P. 2002. Sea-level changes at the LGM from ice-dynamic reconstructions of the Greenland and An ...he eustatic contribution and so there is a continuous fall in relative sea level like that seen in areas such as Hudson Bay or Sweden today.
  21 KB (3,294 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Long term sea level change in the instrumental period
  .../ref>). However, it should be noted that the Antarctic contribution to sea level now is small compared to what it was following the LGM Transition and throu ...L. and Unnikrishnan, A. 2007. Observations: oceanic climate change and sea level. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Workin
  8 KB (1,342 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Sea level observations
  ==Monitoring sea level== ...ally hostile areas to the same standard as is possible elsewhere. Most sea level measurements during the 19^th and 20^th centuries were
  11 KB (1,784 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014

Page text matches

• Antarctic and Southern Ocean sea level projections
  The two major reasons for sea-level rise are expansion of ocean waters as they warm (and an associated decrease ...e for the Twenty First Century. The projected range of global averaged sea-level rise from the IPCC 2001 Assessment Report for the period 1990 to 2100 is sh
  16 KB (2,491 words) - 12:16, 22 August 2014
• Antarctic climate and environment change in the instrumental period
  ...meteorological conditions across the Southern Ocean, ocean conditions, the sea ice extent and the terrestrial and marine biology. ...rface of the ocean, but not the layers below. Even here quantities such as sea ice extent have only been monitored since the late 1970s, when microwave te
  3 KB (501 words) - 15:48, 6 August 2014
• Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years
  ...r both scientists and policymakers concerned with issues as diverse as sea-level rise and fish stocks. A major problem is that we still have a poor understa ...tions for temperature and precipitation were used to estimate how much sea level would rise under various greenhouse gas emission scenarios. In the followin
  5 KB (788 words) - 15:49, 6 August 2014
• Antarctic climate and environment history in the pre-instrumental period
  ...heet and its effects on global sea level, and the changing distribution of sea ice and its effect on climate are then described. ...n results from the interactions within the ice sheet &ndash; ocean &ndash; sea ice &ndash; atmosphere system. Knowledge of how this system responds to pas
  17 KB (2,554 words) - 15:45, 6 August 2014
• Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment
  ##[[Sea ice observations]] ##[[Sea level observations]]
  4 KB (504 words) - 16:51, 21 August 2014
• Antarctic deglaciation and its impact on global sea level
  ...LGM (Huybrechts, 2002<ref name="Huybrechts, 2002">Huybrechts, P. 2002. Sea-level changes at the LGM from ice-dynamic reconstructions of the Greenland and An ...he eustatic contribution and so there is a continuous fall in relative sea level like that seen in areas such as Hudson Bay or Sweden today.
  21 KB (3,294 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Atmospheric chemistry in the instrumental period
  ...f the tropopause varies with latitude and is roughly at 8 km above hand or sea in the polar regions. The troposphere itself is nominally subdivided into l ...lt measured in ice cores might provide a proxy for assessing the extent of sea ice and how this varied under different climatic conditions. The records of
  43 KB (6,788 words) - 16:07, 22 August 2014
• Atmospheric circulation changes in the instrumental period
  ...he 500 hPa surface is approximately at an elevation of 5 km above mean sea level) for 1989-2008. Here the SAM is in its positive phase with negative anomali ...Loon, 1982">Rogers, J.C. and Van Loon, H. 1982. Spatial Variability of Sea Level Pressure and 500 mb Height Anomalies over the Southern Hemisphere, ''Mon. W
  54 KB (8,177 words) - 12:38, 22 August 2014
• Atmospheric circulation changes over the 21st century
  ...circulation in the warming of the Antarctic Peninsula, the distribution of sea ice, and the seasonal to interannual variability of the Southern Hemisphere ...re, ''Tellus'', '''46A''', 325-338.</ref>). More recently, analyses of sea level pressure have revealed secular decreases over the Antarctic, associated wit
  29 KB (4,462 words) - 16:11, 22 August 2014
• Attribution of ice sheet changes in the instrumental period
  ...is increases their discharge of ice into the ocean, and contributes to sea level rise. ...o test such models. To attribute the glaciological changes in the Amundsen Sea sector to a particular climate forcing will require a better understanding
  13 KB (1,943 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Biological response of birds and mammals
  ...g on individual physiology and behaviour is important, because that is the level at which natural selection works, and other responses ultimately depend on ...h changes in gene frequencies between generations, which at the population level is known as microevolution. Changes in gene frequencies are irreversible an
  16 KB (2,488 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Changes in Antarctic snowfall over the past 50 years
  ...wfall fluctuations of +/-20 mm/yr weq, i.e., +/-0.69 mm/yr GSL (global sea level) equivalent, are common (Monaghan et al., 2006a<ref name="Monaghan et al, 2 ...he Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and shelves and contributions to sea-level rise: 1992-2002, ''Journal of Glaciology'', '''51'''(175), 509-527.</ref>)
  20 KB (3,125 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Changes in sea ice extent through the Holocene
  ...hange it will be essential to use proxy records to represent how Antarctic sea ice has changed in the past. ...., Pichon, J.J. and Burckle, L.H. 1998b. Reappraisal of Antarctic seasonal sea-ice at the Last Glacial Maximum, ''Geophysical Research Letters'', '''25'''
  24 KB (3,785 words) - 16:17, 22 August 2014
• Changes to the Terrestrial cryosphere over the next 100 years
  ...rdm; warmer than pre-industrial levels. The data also demonstrate that sea-level change, and therefore the rate of ice loss, will be neither uniform nor mon ...snowfall was included, and was highly significant. Without its effect, sea level rise projections would generally be 5 cm higher.
  26 KB (4,124 words) - 13:04, 22 August 2014
• Concluding remarks on the pre-instrumental period
  ...example is the occurrence of a later Holocene climate optimum in the Ross Sea which is in phase with a marked cooling observed in ice cores from coastal ...heet extent, including submarine surveys, and records of past relative sea level change. New biological evidence of floras that have survived through glacia
  7 KB (1,082 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Conclusions on the ice sheet in the instrumental period
  ...ctic ice sheet, the current state of the ocean is influencing the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica and is likely also responsible for similarly beha ..., these events heighten concern about the near-future impact on global sea level of change in much larger ice reservoirs.
  3 KB (475 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Deglaciation of the continental shelf, coastal margin and continental interior
  ...n the most sensitive of the Antarctic ice sheets to climate change and sea level rise (Domack et al., 2003a<ref name="Domack et al, 2003a">Domack, E., Leven ...al shelf edge, based on an ice surface profile reconstructed from the Ross Sea (Stuiver et al., 1981<ref name="Stuiver et al, 1981">Stuiver, M., Denton, G
  22 KB (3,430 words) - 12:03, 22 August 2014
• Editors
  ...e. He has undertaken 13 expeditions at Mario Zucchelli Station in the Ross Sea, and 6 at Palmer Station on the Antarctic Peninsula, and participated in 3 ...in the past. Recent career highlights include developing new relative sea level curves for Antarctica, reconstructing the Holocene history of Antarctic Pen
  7 KB (1,089 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Future developments in Antarctic observation
  ...tudies and models of the circulation of the Southern Ocean and the role of sea ice. These observations are also hoping to contribute to improved character ...emain the same as before &ndash; to measure ice thickness on both land and sea very precisely so as to provide conclusive proof as to whether there is a t
  7 KB (1,040 words) - 15:16, 22 August 2014
• Glacial interglacial cycles
  ...J.C., McManus, J.F., Lambeck, K., Balbon, E. and Labracherie, M. 2002. Sea level and deep water temperature changes derived from bentic foraminifera isotopi ...deep water formation, gas exchange due to a decreasing sea ice cover, sea level rise and rising terrestrial carbon storage. Other models have identified th
  35 KB (5,415 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Holocene climate change in East Antarctica (EA)
  ...Hultzsch, N., Melles, M. and Gore, D.B. 2007. Indications of Holocene sea-level rise in Beaver Lake, East Antarctica, Cambridge Journals Online, 125-128.</ ...93<ref name="Goodwin, 1993">Goodwin, I.D. 1993. Holocene deglaciation, sea-level change, and the emergence of the Windmill Islands, Budd Coast, Antarctica,
  38 KB (5,787 words) - 16:39, 22 August 2014
• Holocene climate change in the Antarctic Peninsula (AP)
  ...of Antarctic Ice at the Last Glacial Maximum, and its impact on global sea level change, ''Quaternary Science Reviews'', '''18''', 1569-1595.</ref>; Ing&oac ...entley, M.J., Hodgson, D.A., Smith, J.A. and Cox, N.J. 2005a. Relative sea level curves for the South Shetland Islands and Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsu
  32 KB (5,127 words) - 16:41, 22 August 2014
• Holocene climate change in the Ross Sea region (RS)
  ....png|thumb|'''3.28''' Selected Holocene environmental changes &ndash; Ross Sea]] ...432.</ref>); the evaporation of Lake Washburn started during the LGM. Lake level lowering was discontinuous, with a series of high and low stands (Wagner et
  17 KB (2,705 words) - 16:43, 22 August 2014
• Holocene climate changes
  ...ce Sheets, ed. G. Denton and T. Hughes, 67-178.</ref>) and retreat of Ross Sea Ice Sheet (Conway et al., 1999<ref name="Conway et al, 1999">Conway, H., Ha ...wing location of GISP2, Siple Dome, Icelandic Low, Siberian High, Amundsen Sea Low, Intertropical Convergence Zone, and westerlies in both hemispheres.]]
  39 KB (5,945 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Ice sheet models
  ...West Antarctic Ice Sheet may be on the verge of contributing to future sea level rise, and have reinvigorated the long-standing debate about the stability o ...ice sheet models cannot be used with confidence for assessing expected sea level change until they demonstrate realistic forcing yielding realistic rates of
  33 KB (5,053 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Impacts of instrumental period climate change on invertebrates
  ...ns in the Ocean-Ocean Processes and Marine Population Dynamics. California Sea Grant College System, La Jolla.</ref>; Finney et al., 2002<ref name="Finney ...relevance of oxygen limited heat tolerance through its effect at ecosystem level (P&ouml;rtner and Knust, 2007<ref name="P&ouml;rtner and Knust, 2007">P&oum
  25 KB (3,817 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• In-situ ocean observations
  ...r, conducting research in the Southern Ocean can be extremely challenging. Sea ice, high winds, rough seas, poor visibility, sub-zero temperatures, 24 hou ...er to examine its properties or by catching and examining animals from the sea has been carried out to some extent since humans first took to the oceans.
  17 KB (2,672 words) - 14:50, 6 August 2014
• Key points - 2009 version
  ...nt will increase by several degrees and there will be about one third less sea ice.</li> ...pre-industrial values, CO₂ values may have reached 400 ppm, and sea levels were 15-25 m above today&rsquo;s.</li>
  48 KB (7,673 words) - 17:27, 22 August 2014
• Key points - 2013 version
  ...ures across the continent are projected to increase by several degrees and sea ice will be reduced by about one third.</li> ...re-industrial values, CO₂ values may have reached ~400 ppm, and sea levels were 15-25 m above today&rsquo;s. There is evidence for Pliocene WAI
  142 KB (22,142 words) - 15:25, 6 August 2014
• Long term sea level change in the instrumental period
  .../ref>). However, it should be noted that the Antarctic contribution to sea level now is small compared to what it was following the LGM Transition and throu ...L. and Unnikrishnan, A. 2007. Observations: oceanic climate change and sea level. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Workin
  8 KB (1,342 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biological responses to climate change
  ...ern Ocean shallow water marine fauna is to what degree fluctuations in sea level, and the extent of the continental ice-sheet, have driven changes in the de ...ile suspension feeders with archaic features in the high-Antarctic, ''Deep-Sea Res. II'', '''53''', 1029-1052.</ref>) and reminds regionally due to its 3-
  54 KB (8,173 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Marine biota of the Antarctic
  ...to 1,000 m. More than 95% of the shelf is at depths outside the reaches of sea ice keels scouring the seafloor, wave action, scuba divers and sunlight or ...insights into the biodiversity and biogeography of the Southern Ocean deep sea, ''Nature'', '''447'''(7142), 307-311.</ref>), reveal tens to hundreds of p
  43 KB (6,450 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Meteorological and ozone observing in the Antarctic
  ...s are much milder than the interior due to the moderating influence of the sea and, at the more local scale, the surrounding rock. Automatic stations are ...dy because of the frequent passage of depressions and the influence of the sea. The further a station is inland, the less cloudy it becomes. Signy has an
  59 KB (9,046 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Near-shore marine disturbances over the next 100 years
  ...marginal ice shelves year round, and seasonally on the shelf below winter sea ice. Both in the shallows (Smale et al., 2007<ref name="Smale et al, 2007"> ...over the next 100 years, possibly increasing to 1.5&ordm;C in the Amundsen Sea, while winter SSTs remain within 0.5&ordm;C of where they are now, except l
  54 KB (8,443 words) - 16:49, 22 August 2014
• Observations, data accuracy and tools
  ...their applications were in the more physical areas of climate, ice sheet, sea ice and ocean modelling. However, they are now starting to be employed in b #[[Sea ice observations]]
  2 KB (307 words) - 15:44, 6 August 2014
• Observations for studies of environmental change in the Antarctic
  ...ere (known as &lsquo;geospace&rsquo;), coastal sea ice conditions, and sea level. These observations have produced instrumental records that are in many cas
  5 KB (752 words) - 14:09, 22 August 2014
• Observations of Antarctic permafrost
  ..., it ranges from 15 to 180 m in thickness depending on elevation above sea level (Borzotta and Trombotto, 2003<ref name="Borzotta and Trombotto, 2003">Borzo
  23 KB (3,347 words) - 18:33, 22 August 2014
• Observations of marine biology
  ...Living Resources), but also to monitor the impact of climate change at any level of ecosystem organisation. ...increased supplies of planktonic phytodetritus as a source of food for the sea-floor.
  23 KB (3,516 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Observations of the ice sheet
  ...new data from the SIRAL instrument specifically designed for ice sheet and sea ice observations. ...he Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and shelves and contributions to sea-level rise: 1992-2002, ''Journal of Glaciology'', '''51'''(175), 509-527.</ref>).
  52 KB (8,045 words) - 14:43, 22 August 2014
• Ocean models of the Southern Ocean
  ...surface and near surface layers. Detailed studies of density currents, the sea ice field and other key regions provide further local checks on model perfo ...="Coward and Cuevas, 2005">Coward, A. and De Cuevas, B. 2005. The OCCAM 66 level model: model description, physics, initial conditions and external forcing,
  37 KB (5,859 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Pathways of research in cold-adapted organisms and climate change
  ...d web by altering regional and local current patterns. Although changes in sea temperature are as yet small, increased warming may cause sub-lethal effect ...cosystems in a changing world, ''Nature'', '''437''', 362-368.</ref>). The sea north of the Arctic Circle is almost completely enclosed and influenced by
  25 KB (3,663 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Precipitation changes over the 21st century
  ...5. Snowfall-driven growth in East Antarctic Ice Sheet mitigates recent sea-level rise, ''Science'', '''308''', 1898-1901.</ref>). It is worth noting that th ...f the Arctic &ndash; an experiment carried out in the Beaufort and Chukchi Sea region of the Arctic in 1997-1998) experiment in the Arctic, much work has
  18 KB (2,723 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Prospects for marine invasions by non-indigenous species
  ...ove &ndash; except in the case of large mammals from small islands. In the sea, though, there is not a single case of an invading NIS being successfully r ...nd the only region within the Antarctic to show physiologically meaningful sea temperature increases to date (Meredith and King, 2005<ref name="Meredith a
  13 KB (2,063 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Recommendations
  ...our has started to become highly significant in relation to changes in sea level. Recommendations for satellite observations of the cryosphere are given in ...uires special efforts to obtain ''in-situ'' observations of Southern Ocean sea ice properties.
  14 KB (2,069 words) - 15:14, 22 August 2014
• Ross Sea shelf waters in the instrumental period
  ...tal Shelf. In: Eds G. Spezie and G.M.R. Manzella, Oceanography of the Ross Sea Antarctica, Springer-Verlag Italia, Milano, 3-16.</ref>). ...nd S.S. Jacobs (1994) Temporal changes in shelf water of the southern Ross Sea, ''Antarct. J. of the U.S.'', '''29'''(5), 123-124.</ref>) noted that salin
  8 KB (1,297 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Sea ice biological and physical modeling
  ...h (Garrison, 1991<ref name="Garrison, 1991">Garrison, D.L. 1991. Antarctic sea ice biota, ''Am. Zool.'', '''31''', 17-33.</ref>). ...l dynamics in Antarctic pack ice. In: Lizotte MP, Arrigo K (eds) Antarctic sea ice: biological processes, interactions and variability, vol 73. American G
  18 KB (2,786 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Sea ice change over the 21st century
  .... Evaluation of the simulation of the annual cycle of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice coverages by 11 major global climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 111, doi ...found Twenty First Century deceases of 34% for sea-ice volume and 24% for sea-ice extent.
  4 KB (684 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Sea ice observations
  ...</ref>) compiled a circumpolar map of the monthly variation of the average sea ice edge, based on data from ships&rsquo; logs during the 1920s and 1930s. ...ed in many quarters and cannot be regarded as proof of a major decrease in sea ice extent between the 1940s and 1970s.
  18 KB (2,972 words) - 16:53, 22 August 2014
• Sea level observations
  ==Monitoring sea level== ...ally hostile areas to the same standard as is possible elsewhere. Most sea level measurements during the 19^th and 20^th centuries were
  11 KB (1,784 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Small-scale processes in the Southern Ocean
  ...l &mdash; as well as in transporting the momentum input by the wind to the level of topographic obstacles, such as ridges, where it may be transferred to th .... 2004. Internal wave generation in a global baroclinic tide model, ''Deep-Sea Res. II'', '''51''', 3043-3068.</ref>) and internal lee waves (Naveira Gara
  18 KB (2,816 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014