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• Precipitation changes over the 21st century
  ...contribute about 6% to the surface mass balance. Hence, quantification of precipitation changes in high southern latitudes is paramount for resolving the uncertain ==Skill in simulation of precipitation==
  18 KB (2,723 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014

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• Antarctic climate and environment change over the next 100 years
  ...erformed globally or regionally. The model projections for temperature and precipitation were used to estimate how much sea level would rise under various greenhous ...tic ice sheet will change over coming decades. Models can estimate how the precipitation onto the continent might change, but the current generation of ice sheet mo
  5 KB (788 words) - 15:49, 6 August 2014
• Antarctic climate and environment history in the pre-instrumental period
  ...valuable archives of change in past atmospheric composition, temperature, precipitation, major trace chemistry and other environmental parameters such as changes i
  17 KB (2,554 words) - 15:45, 6 August 2014
• Atmospheric change over the next 100 years
  #[[Precipitation changes over the 21st century]]
  410 B (55 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Atmospheric circulation changes in the instrumental period
  ...d Sacchettini, M. 2003. Interannual Antarctic tropospheric circulation and precipitation variability, ''Clim. Dyn.'', '''21''', 289-307.</ref>). ...chlan-Cope, T., and Marshall, G.J. 1998. Understanding Antarctic Peninsula precipitation distribution and variability using a numerical weather prediction model, ''
  54 KB (8,177 words) - 12:38, 22 August 2014
• Atmospheric circulation changes over the 21st century
  ...: Antarctic, ''Int. J. Climatol.'', '''26''', 1181-1199.</ref>; see also [[Precipitation changes over the 21st century]]), which perhaps, though loosely, argues aga ...n, C. and Cosme, E. 2003. Intermittent signature of ENSO in west-Antarctic precipitation, ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'', '''30''', 2081, doi:10.1029/2003GL018280.</ref>).
  29 KB (4,462 words) - 16:11, 22 August 2014
• Biological response of birds and mammals
  ...s. In most of them, rather than a direct impact of temperature or weather (precipitation, snowfall, or sea ice coverage) on individuals, the main impacts of climate
  16 KB (2,488 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Changes in Antarctic snowfall over the past 50 years
  ...R. and Van Lipzig, N.P.M. 2004. Changes in Antarctic temperature, wind and precipitation in response to the Antarctic Oscillation, ''Ann. Glaciol.'', '''39''', 199- ....</ref>); and incomplete parameterizations of polar cloud microphysics and precipitation in atmospheric models (Guo et al., 2003<ref name="Guo et al, 2003">Guo, Z.,
  20 KB (3,125 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Changes to the Terrestrial cryosphere over the next 100 years
  ...continue indefinitely (winter will never become warmer than summer). More precipitation occurs in winter than summer, so warmer winters will probably bring more sn
  26 KB (4,124 words) - 13:04, 22 August 2014
• Coupled atmosphere-ocean models
  ...n in 16 AR4 climate models.png|thumb|'''2.32''' Simulated decadal means of precipitation averaged over the Antarctic continent by 16 IPCC AR4 coupled climate models ...models is shown in [[:File:Figure 2.32 - Simulated 20th century Antarctic precipitation in 16 AR4 climate models.png|Figure 2.32]]. Sea ice extents simulated by AR
  13 KB (2,051 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Holocene climate change in East Antarctica (EA)
  ...of the Law Dome ice margin after c. 4 ka BP, in response to an increase in precipitation (Goodwin, 1996<ref name="Goodwin, 1996">Goodwin, I.D. 1996. A mid to late H ...lls, Antarctica, ''Geografiska Annaler'', '''74A''', 47-58.</ref>) and low precipitation has tentatively been inferred from c. 1.3-1.5 ka BP, but dating uncertainty
  38 KB (5,787 words) - 16:39, 22 August 2014
• Key points - 2009 version
  ...lants and increased establishment of seedlings. Changes in temperature and precipitation have increased biological production in lakes, mainly due to decreases in t ===Precipitation===
  48 KB (7,673 words) - 17:27, 22 August 2014
• Key points - 2013 version
  ...omponents of the circulation to a large extent dictate the temperature and precipitation anomalies. In the early 1970s the sign of the relationship between many cli ...d set and increased establishment of seedlings. Changes in temperature and precipitation have also increased biological production in lakes and altered species asse
  142 KB (22,142 words) - 15:25, 6 August 2014
• Marine and terrestrial pollution
  ...sappeared in the last 50 years) could have dramatic effects on atmospheric precipitation (i.e. the deposition of contaminants) and the biogeochemical cycle of trace
  38 KB (5,770 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Meteorological and ozone observing in the Antarctic
  ...mate height. Cloud lidars improve these measurements, and can also monitor precipitation falling from clouds. ...t. The screen shields the thermometer from direct solar radiation and from precipitation falling on the thermometer. In low wind speeds in summer, the radiation ref
  59 KB (9,046 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Near-shore marine disturbances over the next 100 years
  ...onsequently, increasing amounts of suspension are washed into the ocean by precipitation, as recently observed east of the Antarctic Peninsula ([[:File:Figure 5.28 ...eased during the late Twentieth Century, probably as a result of increased precipitation, reduced sea ice formation and continued melting of the West Antarctic ice
  54 KB (8,443 words) - 16:49, 22 August 2014
• Observations of the ice sheet
  ...A'', '''364''', 1683-1708.</ref>), with no significant changes in overall precipitation. The data do show, however, a large temporal and spatial variability that u ...Severi, M., Traversi, R., Udisti, R. and Fily, M. 2004. New estimations of precipitation and surface sublimation in East Antarctica from snow accumulation measureme
  52 KB (8,045 words) - 14:43, 22 August 2014
• Ocean change over the next 100 years
  ...pact on the density changes at high latitude, is caused by the increase in precipitation minus evaporation at high latitude. Changes in freshwater transport by ocea
  33 KB (5,321 words) - 14:57, 22 August 2014
• Precipitation changes over the 21st century
  ...contribute about 6% to the surface mass balance. Hence, quantification of precipitation changes in high southern latitudes is paramount for resolving the uncertain ==Skill in simulation of precipitation==
  18 KB (2,723 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Recommendations
  ...est uncertainties in our results lie in the hydrological cycle (especially precipitation), the most poorly observed of all the forcing fields. To better understand ...in the Antarctic Peninsula, biologists need to know what proportion of the precipitation is likely to fall as rain, since rain is immediately available to terrestri
  14 KB (2,069 words) - 15:14, 22 August 2014
• Regional climate models
  ...etc, which pose special challenges to the models. Some, such as clear sky precipitation, still remain a challenge to represent in models. But other aspects, such a ...n et al, 2008">Genthon C., Krinner, G. and Castebrunet, H. 2008. Antarctic precipitation and climate change in the IPCC models: Horizontal resolution and margin vs
  5 KB (833 words) - 14:33, 6 August 2014
• Terrestrial biology in the instrumental period
  Changes in both temperature and precipitation have already had detectable effects on limnetic ecosystems through the alte
  32 KB (4,651 words) - 15:17, 6 August 2014
• Terrestrial biology over the next 100 years
  Changes in temperature, precipitation and wind speed, even those judged as subtle by climate scientists, will pro
  22 KB (3,193 words) - 14:34, 6 August 2014
• Terrestrial biota of the Antarctic
  ...Thompson, B.M., Bathurst, E.T.J., and Crompton, M.B. 1994b. Ion&ndash;rich precipitation and vegetation patterns on subantarctic Campbell Island, ''Arctic and Alpin
  22 KB (3,222 words) - 15:12, 6 August 2014
• The Antarctic marine ecosystem in the year 2100
  ...losely adapted to a complex sea ice regime, but which are also affected by precipitation, will become extinct locally where their pack ice dominated habitat shifts
  20 KB (3,055 words) - 14:34, 6 August 2014
• The Antarctic Peninsula cryosphere in the instrumental period
  ...ig, N.P.M., King, J.C., Lachlan-Cope, T.A. and Van Den Broeke, M.R. 2004a. Precipitation, Sublimation and Snow Drift in the Antarctic Peninsula Region from a Region ...ig, N.P.M., King, J.C., Lachlan-Cope, T.A. and Van Den Broeke, M.R. 2004a. Precipitation, Sublimation and Snow Drift in the Antarctic Peninsula Region from a Region
  40 KB (6,031 words) - 17:17, 22 August 2014
• The Australian sector in the instrumental period
  ...g of AABW in the Australian sector is not yet fully understood. Changes in precipitation, sea ice formation and melt, ocean circulation patterns, and melt of floati
  14 KB (2,205 words) - 14:34, 6 August 2014
• The climate of the Antarctic and its variability
  ...is very little evaporation and sublimation, so that although the amount of precipitation is small, it builds up year by year to form the ice sheet. Many blizzards t ...s. High resolution ice core records collected from areas where the rate of precipitation of snow is high shed some light on teleconnections over the century timesca
  12 KB (1,933 words) - 15:38, 22 August 2014
• The IPCC fourth assessment report
  ...ermine whether or not regional climate models might improve Antarctic-wide precipitation projections. ...l variation. Typically, models indicate that this SMB is made up mostly of precipitation, with sublimation removing approximately 10-20%. Other studies show that bl
  33 KB (5,155 words) - 14:34, 6 August 2014
• The role of the Antarctic in the global climate system
  ...ophysics Series, 77, 373-386, Academic Press.</ref>). Due to the excess of precipitation over evaporation at these latitudes, the surface water gets lighter as is m
  31 KB (4,808 words) - 15:51, 22 August 2014
• The transition to Holocene interglacial conditions
  ...eimann, M. and Hoffmann, G. 2001. Isotopic composition and origin of polar precipitation in present and glacial climate simulations, ''Tellus'', '''53B''', 53-71.</
  32 KB (4,956 words) - 14:34, 6 August 2014
• The Weddell Sea sector in the instrumental period
  ...l ice melt from the Antarctic ice sheet and floating ice shelves, and from precipitation. This freshening is a necessary precursor to the bottom water formation pro
  15 KB (2,389 words) - 14:34, 6 August 2014