File:Figure 3.19a - Antarctic and Greenland holocene climate change compared using ice core data.png

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Examination of potential controls on, and sequence of, Antarctic Holocene climate change compared with Greenland climate change using 200 year gaussian smoothed data from the following ice cores (top to bottom): GISP2 (Greenland) ice core, K+ proxy for the Siberian High (Meeker and Mayewski, 2002[1]); GISP2 Na+ proxy for the Icelandic Low (Meeker and Mayewski, 2002[1]); GISP2 Ca++ proxy for the Northern Hemisphere westerlies (Mayewski and Maasch, 2006[2]); Siple Dome (West Antarctic) Ca++ ice core proxy for the Southern Hemisphere westerlies (Yan et al., 2005[3]); Siple Dome Na+ proxy for the Amundsen Sea Low (Kreutz et al., 2000); GISP2 ;18O proxy for temperature (Grootes and Stuiver, 1997[4]); Siple Dome ;18O proxy for temperature (Mayewski et al., 2004a[5]); timing of the Lake Agassiz outbreak that may have initiated Northern Hemisphere cooling at ~8,200 years ago, (Barber et al., 1999[6]); global glacier advances (Denton and Karlén, 1973[7]; Haug et al., 2001[8]; Hormes et al., 2001[9]); prominent Northern Hemisphere climate change events (shaded zones, (Mayewski et al., 2004a[5])); winter insolation values (W m-2) at 60°N (black curve) and 60°S latitude (blue curve) (Berger and Loutre, 1991[10]); summer insolation values (W m-2) at 60°N (black curve) and 60°S latitude (blue curve) (Berger and Loutre, 1991[10]); proxies for solar output: ∆14C residuals (Stuiver et al., 1998[11]); atmospheric CH4 (ppbv) concentrations in the GRIP ice core, Greenland (Chappellaz et al., 1993[12]), atmospheric CO2 (ppmv) concentrations in the Taylor Dome, Antarctica ice core (Indermühle et al., 1999[13]); and volcanic events marked by SO42- residuals (ppb) in the Siple Dome ice core, Antarctica (Kurbatov et al., 2006[14]), and by SO42- residuals (ppb) in the GISP2 ice core (Zielinski et al., 1994[15]). Timing of Northern Hemisphere deglaciation (Mayewski et al., 1981[16]) and retreat of Ross Sea Ice Sheet (Conway et al., 1999[17]). Figure modified from Mayewski et al. (2004b[18], 2005). Green bar denotes the 8,800-8,200 year ago event seen in many globally distributed records associated with a negative ∆14C residual (Mayewski et al., 2004a[5]). Yellow denotes 6,400-5,200, 3,400-2,400, and since 1,200 year ago events seen in many globally distributed records associated with positive ∆14C residuals (Mayewski et al., 2004b[18]).

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Meeker, L.D. and Mayewski, P.A. 2002. A 1400-year high-resolution record of atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic and Asia, The Holocene, 12, 257-266.
  2. ↑ Mayewski, P.A. and Maasch, K. 2006. Recent warming inconsistent with natural association between temperature and atmospheric circulation over the last 2000 years. Climate of the Past (Discussions) http://www.copernicus.org/EGU/cp/cpd/2/327/cpd-2-327.htm.
  3. ↑ Yan, Y., Mayewski, P.A., Kang, S. and Meyerson, E. 2005. An ice core proxy for Antarctic circumpolar wind intensity, Annals of Glaciology, 41, 121-130.
  4. ↑ Grootes, P.M. and Stuiver, M. 1997. Oxygen 18/16 variability in Greenland snow and ice with 10^3 to 10^5-year time resolution, Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 26455-26470.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Mayewski, P.A., Rohling, E., Stager, C., Karlén, K., Maasch, K., Meeker, L.D., Meyerson, E., Gasse, F., Van Kreveld, S., Holmgren, K., Lee-Thorp, J., Rosqvist, G., Rack, F., Staubwasser, M., and Schneider, R., 2004a, Holocene climate variability, Quaternary Research, Quaternary Research 62, 243-255.
  6. ↑ Barber, D.C., Dyke, A., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Jennings A.E., Andrews, J.T., Kerwin, M.W., Bilodeau, G., McNeely, R., Southon, J., Morehead, M.D. and Gagnon, J.M. 1999. Forcing of the cold event of 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes, Nature, 400, 344-348.
  7. ↑ Denton, G.H. and Karlén, W. 1973. Holocene climatic variations: Their pattern and possible cause, Quaternary Research, 3, 155-205.
  8. ↑ Haug, G.H., Hughen, K.A., Sigman, D.M., Peterson, L.C. and Röhl, U. 2001. Southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone through the Holocene, Science, 293, 1304-1308.
  9. ↑ Hormes, A., Müller, B.J. and Schlüchter, C. 2001. The Alps with little ice: evidence for eight Holocene phases of reduced glacier extent in central Swiss Alps, Holocene, 11, 255-265.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Berger, A. and Loutre, M.F. 1991. Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years, Quaternary Sciences Reviews, 10, 297-317.
  11. ↑ Stuiver, M., Reimer, P.J. and Braziunas, T.F. 1998. High precision radiocarbon age calibration for terrestrial and marine samples, Radiocarbon, 40, 1127-1151.
  12. ↑ Chappellaz, J., Blunier, T., Raynaud, D., Barnola, J.M., Schwander, J. and Stauffer, B. 1993. Synchronous changes in atmospheric CH4 and Greenland climate between 40 and 8 kyr B.P., Nature, 366, 443-445.
  13. ↑ Indermühle, A., Stocker, T.F., Joos, F., Fischer, H., Smith, H.J., Wahlen, M., Deck, B., Mastroianni, D., Tschumi, J., Blunier, T., Meyer, R. and Stauffer, B. 1999. Holocene carbon-cycle dynamics based on CO2 trapped in ice at Taylor Dome, Antarctica, Nature, 398, 121-126.
  14. ↑ Kurbatov, A.V., Zielinski, G.A., Dunbar, N.W., Mayewski, P.A., Meyerson, E.A., Sneed, S.B. and Taylor, K.C. 2006. A 12,000 year record of explosive volcanism in the Siple Dome Ice Core, West Antarctica, Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D12307, doi:10.1029/2005JD006072.
  15. ↑ Zielinski, G.A., Mayewski, P.A., Meeker, L.D., Whitlow, S.I., Twickler, M.S., Morrison, M.C., Meese, D., Alley, R. and Gow, A.J. 1994. Record of volcanism since 7000 BC from the GISP2 Greenland ice core and implications for the volcano-climate system, Science, 264, 948-952.
  16. ↑ Mayewski, P.A., Denton, G.H. and Hughes, T. 1981. Late Wisconsin ice margins of North America, In The Last Great Ice Sheets, ed. G. Denton and T. Hughes, 67-178.
  17. ↑ Conway, H., Hall, B.L., Denton, G.H., Gades, A.M., Waddington, E.D. 1999. Past and future grounding-line retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Science 286:280-283.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Mayewski, P.A., Maasch, K.A., White, J.W.C., Meyerson, E., Goodwin, I., Morgan, V.I., Van Ommen, T., Curran, M.A.J., Souney, J. and Kreutz, K. 2004b. A 700 year record of Southern Hemisphere extra-tropical climate variability, Annals of Glaciology, 39, 127-132.

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